Euro area - CO2 emissions

CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption (kt)

The value for CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption (kt) in Euro area was 550,122 as of 2014. As the graph below shows, over the past 48 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 712,709 in 2010 and a minimum value of 55,715 in 1966.

Definition: Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of natural gas as an energy source.

Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States.

See also:

Year Value
1966 55,715
1967 68,235
1968 89,187
1969 103,876
1970 139,103
1971 172,128
1972 211,902
1973 240,669
1974 262,164
1975 279,268
1976 306,936
1977 306,485
1978 321,680
1979 342,005
1980 336,005
1981 336,371
1982 305,005
1983 318,567
1984 342,465
1985 356,494
1986 332,213
1987 345,937
1988 345,802
1989 401,725
1990 417,391
1991 453,518
1992 449,059
1993 458,838
1994 456,216
1995 496,497
1996 540,975
1997 533,454
1998 555,015
1999 573,742
2000 591,171
2001 612,597
2002 618,464
2003 648,646
2004 669,803
2005 696,320
2006 694,817
2007 686,751
2008 703,471
2009 664,679
2010 712,709
2011 650,587
2012 639,051
2013 629,919
2014 550,122

CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption (% of total)

CO2 emissions from gaseous fuel consumption (% of total) in Euro area was 24.18 as of 2016. Its highest value over the past 56 years was 28.42 in 2010, while its lowest value was 3.14 in 1960.

Definition: Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of natural gas as an energy source.

Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States.

See also:

Year Value
1960 3.14
1961 3.45
1962 3.45
1963 3.23
1964 3.28
1965 3.32
1966 3.70
1967 4.26
1968 5.22
1969 5.72
1970 7.00
1971 8.32
1972 9.58
1973 10.13
1974 11.16
1975 12.59
1976 12.62
1977 12.97
1978 13.04
1979 13.22
1980 13.23
1981 14.09
1982 13.38
1983 14.36
1984 15.45
1985 15.92
1986 15.14
1987 15.41
1988 15.44
1989 16.73
1991 17.15
1992 17.46
1993 18.22
1994 18.13
1995 19.35
1996 20.62
1997 20.57
1998 21.06
1999 21.89
2000 22.40
2001 22.80
2002 22.98
2003 23.60
2004 24.25
2005 25.29
2006 25.38
2007 25.43
2008 26.62
2009 27.19
2010 28.42
2011 26.95
2012 26.79
2013 26.94
2014 24.85
2015 22.90
2016 24.18

CO2 emissions (kg per 2010 US$ of GDP)

The latest value for CO2 emissions (kg per 2010 US$ of GDP) in Euro area was 0.178 as of 2018. Over the past 28 years, the value for this indicator has fluctuated between 0.329 in 1990 and 0.178 in 2018.

Definition: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.

Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States.

See also:

Year Value
1990 0.329
1991 0.322
1992 0.309
1993 0.305
1994 0.297
1995 0.296
1996 0.297
1997 0.286
1998 0.282
1999 0.273
2000 0.264
2001 0.263
2002 0.261
2003 0.265
2004 0.260
2005 0.255
2006 0.246
2007 0.236
2008 0.230
2009 0.222
2010 0.223
2011 0.211
2012 0.211
2013 0.207
2014 0.193
2015 0.193
2016 0.190
2017 0.185
2018 0.178

CO2 emissions (kt)

The value for CO2 emissions (kt) in Euro area was 2,207,420 as of 2018. As the graph below shows, over the past 28 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 2,754,840 in 2004 and a minimum value of 2,207,420 in 2018.

Definition: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.

Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States.

See also:

Year Value
1990 2,622,870
1991 2,638,010
1992 2,563,960
1993 2,510,690
1994 2,509,020
1995 2,558,270
1996 2,615,430
1997 2,587,240
1998 2,629,090
1999 2,614,010
2000 2,632,530
2001 2,679,680
2002 2,684,280
2003 2,741,390
2004 2,754,840
2005 2,746,350
2006 2,730,260
2007 2,693,450
2008 2,636,270
2009 2,438,490
2010 2,501,370
2011 2,408,310
2012 2,379,020
2013 2,332,350
2014 2,208,030
2015 2,256,340
2016 2,253,030
2017 2,256,530
2018 2,207,420

CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption (kt)

The value for CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption (kt) in Euro area was 994,472 as of 2014. As the graph below shows, over the past 54 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 1,515,585 in 1979 and a minimum value of 337,074 in 1960.

Definition: Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of petroleum-derived fuels as an energy source.

Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States.

See also:

Year Value
1960 337,074
1961 377,362
1962 446,376
1963 525,420
1964 609,520
1965 682,885
1966 758,164
1967 836,705
1968 920,946
1969 1,004,806
1970 1,151,933
1971 1,239,076
1972 1,352,065
1973 1,467,004
1974 1,417,001
1975 1,320,802
1976 1,454,178
1977 1,388,797
1978 1,466,298
1979 1,515,585
1980 1,453,331
1981 1,322,449
1982 1,246,836
1983 1,194,961
1984 1,142,819
1985 1,129,293
1986 1,156,226
1987 1,182,563
1988 1,185,502
1989 1,235,630
1990 1,207,358
1991 1,243,672
1992 1,246,864
1993 1,249,343
1994 1,237,451
1995 1,256,443
1996 1,291,638
1997 1,280,931
1998 1,312,089
1999 1,287,212
2000 1,259,065
2001 1,306,545
2002 1,292,449
2003 1,290,945
2004 1,285,980
2005 1,273,010
2006 1,259,035
2007 1,207,011
2008 1,202,684
2009 1,139,575
2010 1,114,445
2011 1,070,702
2012 1,019,741
2013 1,007,736
2014 994,472

CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption (% of total)

CO2 emissions from liquid fuel consumption (% of total) in Euro area was 42.39 as of 2016. Its highest value over the past 56 years was 66.90 in 1973, while its lowest value was 34.69 in 1960.

Definition: Carbon dioxide emissions from liquid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of petroleum-derived fuels as an energy source.

Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States.

See also:

Year Value
1960 34.69
1961 36.81
1962 39.99
1963 42.87
1964 47.48
1965 51.04
1966 54.49
1967 56.56
1968 58.36
1969 59.90
1970 62.81
1971 64.83
1972 66.20
1973 66.90
1974 65.00
1975 64.18
1976 64.41
1977 63.34
1978 64.06
1979 63.11
1980 61.67
1981 59.67
1982 58.86
1983 57.95
1984 55.49
1985 54.27
1986 56.70
1987 56.69
1988 56.96
1989 55.37
1991 48.34
1992 48.63
1993 49.76
1994 49.32
1995 49.11
1996 49.39
1997 49.51
1998 49.91
1999 49.24
2000 47.83
2001 48.76
2002 48.15
2003 47.09
2004 46.68
2005 46.35
2006 46.11
2007 44.81
2008 45.62
2009 46.73
2010 44.55
2011 44.46
2012 42.86
2013 43.21
2014 45.04
2015 42.07
2016 42.39

CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita)

The value for CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita) in Euro area was 6.45 as of 2018. As the graph below shows, over the past 28 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 8.44 in 1991 and a minimum value of 6.45 in 2018.

Definition: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.

Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States.

See also:

Year Value
1990 8.43
1991 8.44
1992 8.16
1993 7.96
1994 7.93
1995 8.07
1996 8.22
1997 8.12
1998 8.23
1999 8.16
2000 8.19
2001 8.31
2002 8.28
2003 8.41
2004 8.41
2005 8.34
2006 8.25
2007 8.10
2008 7.89
2009 7.27
2010 7.44
2011 7.18
2012 7.08
2013 6.91
2014 6.52
2015 6.65
2016 6.62
2017 6.61
2018 6.45

CO2 emissions (kg per PPP $ of GDP)

The latest value for CO2 emissions (kg per PPP $ of GDP) in Euro area was 0.136 as of 2018. Over the past 28 years, the value for this indicator has fluctuated between 0.496 in 1990 and 0.136 in 2018.

Definition: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.

Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States.

See also:

Year Value
1990 0.496
1991 0.470
1992 0.440
1993 0.424
1994 0.405
1995 0.395
1996 0.390
1997 0.370
1998 0.358
1999 0.342
2000 0.324
2001 0.314
2002 0.301
2003 0.301
2004 0.289
2005 0.277
2006 0.254
2007 0.235
2008 0.221
2009 0.209
2010 0.208
2011 0.192
2012 0.187
2013 0.177
2014 0.163
2015 0.162
2016 0.152
2017 0.145
2018 0.136

CO2 emissions (kg per 2011 PPP $ of GDP)

The latest value for CO2 emissions (kg per 2011 PPP $ of GDP) in Euro area was 0.139 as of 2018. Over the past 28 years, the value for this indicator has fluctuated between 0.258 in 1990 and 0.139 in 2018.

Definition: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.

Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States.

See also:

Year Value
1990 0.258
1991 0.252
1992 0.242
1993 0.239
1994 0.233
1995 0.232
1996 0.233
1997 0.224
1998 0.221
1999 0.214
2000 0.207
2001 0.206
2002 0.204
2003 0.207
2004 0.204
2005 0.199
2006 0.192
2007 0.184
2008 0.179
2009 0.174
2010 0.175
2011 0.165
2012 0.165
2013 0.162
2014 0.151
2015 0.152
2016 0.149
2017 0.145
2018 0.139

CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption (kt)

The value for CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption (kt) in Euro area was 564,531 as of 2016. As the graph below shows, over the past 25 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 871,005 in 1991 and a minimum value of 563,675 in 2009.

Definition: Carbon dioxide emissions from solid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of coal as an energy source.

Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States.

See also:

Year Value
1991 871,005
1992 805,340
1993 746,906
1994 746,741
1995 734,036
1996 721,634
1997 702,521
1998 692,482
1999 667,233
2000 693,957
2001 690,548
2002 697,637
2003 709,221
2004 715,048
2005 686,292
2006 693,931
2007 702,991
2008 642,726
2009 563,675
2010 598,842
2011 609,299
2012 632,072
2013 613,229
2014 589,231
2015 600,970
2016 564,531

CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption (% of total)

CO2 emissions from solid fuel consumption (% of total) in Euro area was 30.09 as of 2016. Its highest value over the past 56 years was 58.50 in 1960, while its lowest value was 18.41 in 1978.

Definition: Carbon dioxide emissions from solid fuel consumption refer mainly to emissions from use of coal as an energy source.

Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States.

See also:

Year Value
1960 58.50
1961 55.92
1962 52.74
1963 50.17
1964 45.23
1965 41.73
1966 37.74
1967 35.03
1968 32.24
1969 30.15
1970 26.13
1971 22.49
1972 19.90
1973 18.71
1974 19.48
1975 18.77
1976 18.74
1977 19.10
1978 18.41
1979 19.43
1980 20.72
1981 21.70
1982 23.21
1983 23.10
1984 24.81
1985 25.68
1986 23.96
1987 23.78
1988 23.25
1989 23.67
1991 32.65
1992 31.40
1993 29.74
1994 29.75
1995 28.68
1996 27.57
1997 27.14
1998 26.32
1999 25.51
2000 26.34
2001 25.75
2002 25.97
2003 25.85
2004 25.94
2005 24.97
2006 25.40
2007 26.08
2008 24.36
2009 23.10
2010 23.93
2011 25.28
2012 26.55
2013 26.27
2014 26.67
2015 32.01
2016 30.09

CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services (% of total fuel combustion)

CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services (% of total fuel combustion) in Euro area was 16.40 as of 2014. Its highest value over the past 54 years was 23.93 in 1963, while its lowest value was 15.30 in 2007.

Definition: CO2 emissions from residential buildings and commercial and public services contains all emissions from fuel combustion in households. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 4 b. Commercial and public services includes emissions from all activities of ISIC Divisions 41, 50-52, 55, 63-67, 70-75, 80, 85, 90-93 and 99.

Source: IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/

See also:

Year Value
1960 19.97
1961 20.14
1962 21.82
1963 23.93
1964 21.74
1965 21.74
1966 22.03
1967 22.26
1968 22.53
1969 22.77
1970 23.74
1971 22.96
1972 23.30
1973 23.13
1974 21.24
1975 21.99
1976 21.37
1977 21.09
1978 21.58
1979 21.15
1980 19.96
1981 19.50
1982 19.10
1983 18.92
1984 20.96
1985 21.85
1986 22.21
1987 21.58
1988 20.38
1989 18.74
1990 18.96
1991 19.79
1992 19.03
1993 19.51
1994 18.34
1995 18.37
1996 19.78
1997 18.71
1998 18.37
1999 18.15
2000 17.40
2001 18.29
2002 17.30
2003 17.78
2004 17.61
2005 17.66
2006 17.50
2007 15.30
2008 17.19
2009 18.01
2010 18.30
2011 16.61
2012 17.31
2013 18.17
2014 16.40

CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production, total (% of total fuel combustion)

CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production, total (% of total fuel combustion) in Euro area was 38.84 as of 2014. Its highest value over the past 54 years was 41.45 in 2007, while its lowest value was 27.29 in 1963.

Definition: CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production is the sum of three IEA categories of CO2 emissions: (1) Main Activity Producer Electricity and Heat which contains the sum of emissions from main activity producer electricity generation, combined heat and power generation and heat plants. Main activity producers (formerly known as public utilities) are defined as those undertakings whose primary activity is to supply the public. They may be publicly or privately owned. This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 1 a. For the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion (summary) file, emissions from own on-site use of fuel in power plants (EPOWERPLT) are also included. (2) Unallocated Autoproducers which contains the emissions from the generation of electricity and/or heat by autoproducers. Autoproducers are defined as undertakings that generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. In the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, these emissions would normally be distributed between industry, transport and "other" sectors. (3) Other Energy Industries contains emissions from fuel combusted in petroleum refineries, for the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing industries. This corresponds to the IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1 A 1 b and 1 A 1 c. According to the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, emissions from coke inputs to blast furnaces can either be counted here or in the Industrial Processes source/sink category. Within detailed sectoral calculations, certain non-energy processes can be distinguished. In the reduction of iron in a blast furnace through the combustion of coke, the primary purpose of the coke oxidation is to produce pig iron and the emissions can be considered as an industrial process. Care must be taken not to double count these emissions in both Energy and Industrial Processes. In the IEA estimations, these emissions have been included in this category.

Source: IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/

See also:

Year Value
1960 28.49
1961 29.01
1962 28.69
1963 27.29
1964 29.34
1965 28.31
1966 28.20
1967 28.62
1968 28.82
1969 28.93
1970 30.95
1971 32.06
1972 32.16
1973 32.50
1974 33.93
1975 33.61
1976 35.54
1977 34.81
1978 34.82
1979 35.29
1980 37.17
1981 37.47
1982 38.07
1983 37.53
1984 36.59
1985 35.60
1986 35.72
1987 35.73
1988 35.95
1989 37.57
1990 38.13
1991 38.02
1992 38.03
1993 37.27
1994 37.88
1995 38.12
1996 37.22
1997 37.40
1998 37.63
1999 37.45
2000 38.08
2001 37.72
2002 38.96
2003 38.93
2004 39.34
2005 39.64
2006 39.83
2007 41.45
2008 39.89
2009 39.28
2010 39.27
2011 40.10
2012 40.52
2013 39.08
2014 38.84

CO2 emissions from manufacturing industries and construction (% of total fuel combustion)

CO2 emissions from manufacturing industries and construction (% of total fuel combustion) in Euro area was 13.57 as of 2014. Its highest value over the past 54 years was 34.92 in 1960, while its lowest value was 12.63 in 2009.

Definition: CO2 emissions from manufacturing industries and construction contains the emissions from combustion of fuels in industry. The IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 2 includes these emissions. However, in the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, the IPCC category also includes emissions from industry autoproducers that generate electricity and/or heat. The IEA data are not collected in a way that allows the energy consumption to be split by specific end-use and therefore, autoproducers are shown as a separate item (Unallocated Autoproducers). Manufacturing industries and construction also includes emissions from coke inputs into blast furnaces, which may be reported either in the transformation sector, the industry sector or the separate IPCC Source/Sink Category 2, Industrial Processes.

Source: IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/

See also:

Year Value
1960 34.92
1961 34.02
1962 32.38
1963 31.40
1964 32.18
1965 33.07
1966 32.31
1967 31.80
1968 31.23
1969 31.55
1970 30.19
1971 29.01
1972 28.04
1973 27.78
1974 28.33
1975 26.41
1976 25.32
1977 25.39
1978 24.44
1979 24.25
1980 23.01
1981 22.45
1982 21.40
1983 21.58
1984 21.56
1985 21.44
1986 20.11
1987 20.07
1988 20.18
1989 20.11
1990 18.69
1991 17.53
1992 17.04
1993 16.56
1994 16.93
1995 16.61
1996 16.00
1997 16.37
1998 15.87
1999 15.72
2000 15.91
2001 15.51
2002 15.11
2003 15.25
2004 14.61
2005 14.17
2006 13.79
2007 14.02
2008 13.89
2009 12.63
2010 13.27
2011 13.48
2012 13.26
2013 13.39
2014 13.57

CO2 emissions from other sectors, excluding residential buildings and commercial and public services (% of total fuel combustion)

CO2 emissions from other sectors, excluding residential buildings and commercial and public services (% of total fuel combustion) in Euro area was 2.05 as of 2014. Its highest value over the past 54 years was 4.35 in 1963, while its lowest value was 2.02 in 2012.

Definition: CO2 emissions from other sectors, less residential buildings and commercial and public services, contains the emissions from commercial/institutional activities, residential, agriculture/forestry, fishing and other emissions not specified elsewhere that are included in the IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1 A 4 and 1 A 5. In the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, the category also includes emissions from autoproducers in the commercial/residential/agricultural sectors that generate electricity and/or heat. The IEA data are not collected in a way that allows the energy consumption to be split by specific end-use and therefore, autoproducers are shown as a separate item (Unallocated Autoproducers).

Source: IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/

See also:

Year Value
1960 3.93
1961 3.70
1962 4.06
1963 4.35
1964 3.70
1965 3.69
1966 3.70
1967 3.55
1968 3.68
1969 3.47
1970 2.56
1971 2.90
1972 3.14
1973 3.15
1974 3.20
1975 3.45
1976 3.42
1977 3.52
1978 3.61
1979 3.68
1980 3.72
1981 3.91
1982 4.03
1983 4.15
1984 2.76
1985 2.87
1986 2.93
1987 2.98
1988 2.68
1989 2.46
1990 2.47
1991 2.53
1992 2.51
1993 2.49
1994 2.51
1995 2.62
1996 2.77
1997 2.68
1998 2.66
1999 2.46
2000 2.45
2001 2.38
2002 2.34
2003 2.03
2004 2.06
2005 2.27
2006 2.27
2007 2.20
2008 2.20
2009 2.15
2010 2.19
2011 2.05
2012 2.02
2013 2.03
2014 2.05

CO2 emissions from transport (% of total fuel combustion)

CO2 emissions from transport (% of total fuel combustion) in Euro area was 29.13 as of 2014. Its highest value over the past 54 years was 29.13 in 2014, while its lowest value was 12.55 in 1970.

Definition: CO2 emissions from transport contains emissions from the combustion of fuel for all transport activity, regardless of the sector, except for international marine bunkers and international aviation. This includes domestic aviation, domestic navigation, road, rail and pipeline transport, and corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 3. In addition, the IEA data are not collected in a way that allows the autoproducer consumption to be split by specific end-use and therefore, autoproducers are shown as a separate item (Unallocated Autoproducers).

Source: IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014 (http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp), subject to https://www.iea.org/t&c/termsandconditions/

See also:

Year Value
1960 12.69
1961 13.13
1962 13.05
1963 13.02
1964 13.04
1965 13.19
1966 13.77
1967 13.77
1968 13.74
1969 13.28
1970 12.55
1971 13.08
1972 13.36
1973 13.44
1974 13.30
1975 14.55
1976 14.36
1977 15.18
1978 15.55
1979 15.63
1980 16.13
1981 16.67
1982 17.40
1983 17.81
1984 18.13
1985 18.24
1986 19.01
1987 19.63
1988 20.81
1989 21.13
1990 21.75
1991 22.13
1992 23.39
1993 24.17
1994 24.34
1995 24.27
1996 24.23
1997 24.84
1998 25.46
1999 26.22
2000 26.16
2001 26.09
2002 26.30
2003 26.01
2004 26.38
2005 26.26
2006 26.60
2007 27.04
2008 26.84
2009 27.93
2010 26.97
2011 27.76
2012 26.89
2013 27.33
2014 29.13

Classification

Topic: Environment Indicators

Sub-Topic: Emissions