Poland - Research and development expenditure

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) in Poland was 1.21 as of 2018. Its highest value over the past 22 years was 1.21 in 2018, while its lowest value was 0.54 in 2003.

Definition: Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org/)

See also:

Year Value
1996 0.64
1997 0.64
1998 0.66
1999 0.68
2000 0.64
2001 0.62
2002 0.56
2003 0.54
2004 0.55
2005 0.56
2006 0.55
2007 0.56
2008 0.60
2009 0.66
2010 0.72
2011 0.75
2012 0.88
2013 0.87
2014 0.94
2015 1.00
2016 0.96
2017 1.03
2018 1.21

Classification

Topic: Infrastructure Indicators

Sub-Topic: Technology