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This table presents detailed information on clinker production capacity and output across various U.S. districts in 2023, highlighting the number of active plants, kiln types, daily and annual capacities, production volumes, utilization rates, and year-end stocks. This data is crucial for understanding the cement industry's operational efficiency and regional production capabilities, which directly impact construction, infrastructure development, and economic growth. Monitoring clinker production helps stakeholders anticipate supply trends, manage raw material sourcing, and assess the industry's response to market demand and maintenance schedules.
In 2023, the United States operated 93 clinker plants with a total kiln capacity of 311.2 thousand metric tons per day and an apparent annual capacity of 104,000 thousand metric tons. Production reached 76,789 thousand metric tons, reflecting an overall capacity utilization of 73.9%. Notably, California led with a production of 8,259 thousand metric tons and a high utilization rate of 79.1%, supported by 7 dry kilns and 8 total kilns. The Alabama, Kentucky, and Tennessee district showed significant output at 6,958 thousand metric tons but a lower utilization rate of 66.7%, suggesting potential for increased efficiency. Kansas and Arizona/New Mexico districts exhibited the highest utilization rates, 89.9% and 89.6% respectively, indicating strong operational performance. Year-end clinker stocks varied widely, with Texas southern holding the largest inventory at 730 thousand metric tons, possibly reflecting strategic stockpiling or slower demand. Overall, the data reveals regional disparities in clinker production efficiency and capacity utilization that are vital for industry planning and policy-making.
| TABLE 5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CLINKER CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES IN 2023 BY DISTRICT1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Daily | Average | Apparent annual | Yearend | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Number of active plants2 | capacity3, 5 | days of | capacity3, 7 | Production | Percentage | stocks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Process used | Number | (thousand | routine | (thousand | (thousand | of capacity | (thousand | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| District | Dry | Wet | Both4 | Total | of kilns3 | metric tons) | maintenance6 | metric tons) | metric tons) | utilized | metric tons) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Maine, New York, Pennsylvania | 8 | 2 | -- | 10 | 14 | 25.6 | 8 | 61.4 | 8 | 7950 | 8 | 4966 | 62.5 | 8 | 407 | 8 | |||||||||||||||||
| Illinois | 3 | -- | -- | 3 | 5 | 5.3 | 34.5 | 1765 | 1212 | 68.7 | 120 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Indiana, Ohio | 4 | 9 | 2 | -- | 6 | 12 | 18.9 | 17.6 | 6521 | 3402 | 52.2 | 178 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Michigan | 2 | -- | -- | 2 | 6 | 12.6 | 40.3 | 4113 | 3269 | 79.5 | 366 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota | 4 | -- | -- | 4 | 5 | 11.7 | 30.6 | 3897 | 3050 | 78.3 | 240 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kansas | 2 | -- | -- | 2 | 3 | 7.9 | 20.3 | 2692 | 2420 | 89.9 | 109 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Missouri | 5 | -- | -- | 5 | 5 | 30.2 | 29.8 | 10026 | 8506 | 84.8 | 246 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Florida | 7 | -- | -- | 7 | 10 | 22.2 | 18 | 7598 | 5663 | 74.5 | 325 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Georgia, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia | 5 | -- | -- | 5 | 5 | 20.2 | 8 | 28 | 8 | 6759 | 8 | 5177 | 76.6 | 8 | 260 | 8 | |||||||||||||||||
| South Carolina | 3 | -- | -- | 3 | 3 | 11 | 48.3 | 3397 | 2558 | 75.3 | 63 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Alabama, Kentucky, Tennessee | 8 | -- | -- | 8 | 9 | 30.7 | 23.2 | 10438 | 6958 | 66.7 | 364 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Arkansas and Oklahoma | 4 | -- | -- | 4 | 7 | 9.7 | 39.4 | 3186 | 2275 | 71.4 | 196 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Texas, northern | 5 | 9 | 1 | -- | 6 | 8 | 21.4 | 8 | 26.8 | 8 | 7160 | 8 | 5469 | 76.4 | 8 | 458 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||
| Texas, southern | 5 | -- | -- | 5 | 7 | 19.2 | 8 | 19.1 | 8 | 6640 | 8 | 4938 | 72 | 8 | 730 | 8 | |||||||||||||||||
| Arizona and New Mexico | 4 | -- | -- | 4 | 5 | 9.1 | 25.8 | 3099 | 2776 | 89.6 | 184 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Colorado and Wyoming | 4 | -- | -- | 4 | 5 | 12 | 29.6 | 3919 | 2538 | 64.8 | 351 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington | 5 | 2 | -- | 7 | 8 | 12.6 | 39 | 4158 | 3352 | 80.6 | 330 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| California | 7 | -- | -- | 7 | 8 | 31 | 8 | 32.9 | 8 | 10400 | 8 | 8259 | 79.1 | 8 | 390 | 8 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total10 | 85 | 9 | 7 | -- | 92 | 125 | 311.2 | 8 | 31.2 | 8 | 104000 | 8 | 76789 | 73.9 | 8 | 5320 | 8 | ||||||||||||||||
| Puerto Rico | 1 | -- | -- | 1 | 1 | W | W | W | W | W | W | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Grand total10 | 86 | 7 | -- | 93 | 126 | W | W | W | W | W | W | ||||||||||||||||||||||
W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. -- Zero.
1Table includes data available through March 18, 2025. Even where presented unrounded, data are thought to be accurate to no more than three significant digits.
2Includes all plants (gray or white) that produced clinker for at least 1 day during the year, as well as idle facilities able to be restarted, fully permitted, in less than 6 months.
3Includes kilns active for at least 1 day during the year. For kilns idle all year, excludes those that cannot be restarted, fully permitted, in less than 6 months.
4Plants that can operate wet and dry kilns, whether or not both types were active during the year. Includes plants that converted from wet to dry technology during the year.
5Sum of reported kiln capacities for all plants in a district.
6Total days of routine maintenance (summed for all kilns) divided by the number of kilns.
7Sum of apparent annual capacities for all kilns. For each kiln, the statistic is calculated as 365 days minus days reported for routine maintenance and then multiplied by the unrounded daily capacity.
8Contains estimates for some facilities and have been rounded to no more than three significant digits.
9Includes one semiwet kiln in Indiana and one semidry kiln in northern Texas.
10May not add to totals shown because of independent rounding.
Source: United States Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program
See also: Cement statistics | Mineral commodity prices