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Ukraine vs. Slovakia

Economy

UkraineSlovakia
Economy - overview

After Russia, the Ukrainian Republic was the most important economic component of the former Soviet Union, producing about four times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil accounted for more than one fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain, and vegetables to other republics. Likewise, its diversified heavy industry supplied unique equipment such as large diameter pipes and vertical drilling apparatus, and raw materials to industrial and mining sites in other regions of the former USSR.

 

Shortly after independence in August 1991, the Ukrainian Government liberalized most prices and erected a legal framework for privatization, but widespread resistance to reform within the government and the legislature soon stalled reform efforts and led to some backtracking. Output by 1999 had fallen to less than 40% of the 1991 level. Outside institutions - particularly the IMF encouraged Ukraine to quicken the pace and scope of reforms to foster economic growth. Ukrainian Government officials eliminated most tax and customs privileges in a March 2005 budget law, bringing more economic activity out of Ukraine's large shadow economy. From 2000 until mid-2008, Ukraine's economy was buoyant despite political turmoil between the prime minister and president. The economy contracted nearly 15% in 2009, among the worst economic performances in the world. In April 2010, Ukraine negotiated a price discount on Russian gas imports in exchange for extending Russia's lease on its naval base in Crimea.

 

Ukraine's oligarch-dominated economy grew slowly from 2010 to 2013 but remained behind peers in the region and among Europe's poorest. After former President YANUKOVYCH fled the country during the Revolution of Dignity, Ukraine's economy fell into crisis because of Russia's annexation of Crimea, military conflict in the eastern part of the country, and a trade war with Russia, resulting in a 17% decline in GDP, inflation at nearly 60%, and dwindling foreign currency reserves. The international community began efforts to stabilize the Ukrainian economy, including a March 2014 IMF assistance package of $17.5 billion, of which Ukraine has received four disbursements, most recently in April 2017, bringing the total disbursed as of that date to approximately $8.4 billion. Ukraine has made progress on reforms designed to make the country prosperous, democratic, and transparent, including creation of a national anti-corruption agency, overhaul of the banking sector, establishment of a transparent VAT refund system, and increased transparency in government procurement. But more improvements are needed, including fighting corruption, developing capital markets, improving the business environment to attract foreign investment, privatizing state-owned enterprises, and land reform. The fifth tranche of the IMF program, valued at $1.9 billion, was delayed in mid-2017 due to lack of progress on outstanding reforms, including adjustment of gas tariffs to import parity levels and adoption of legislation establishing an independent anti-corruption court.

 

Russia's occupation of Crimea in March 2014 and ongoing Russian aggression in eastern Ukraine have hurt economic growth. With the loss of a major portion of Ukraine's heavy industry in Donbas and ongoing violence, the economy contracted by 6.6% in 2014 and by 9.8% in 2015, but it returned to low growth in in 2016 and 2017, reaching 2.3% and 2.0%, respectively, as key reforms took hold. Ukraine also redirected trade activity towards the EU following the implementation of a bilateral Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement, displacing Russia as its largest trading partner. A prohibition on commercial trade with separatist-controlled territories in early 2017 has not impacted Ukraine's key industrial sectors as much as expected, largely because of favorable external conditions. Ukraine returned to international debt markets in September 2017, issuing a $3 billion sovereign bond.

Slovakia's economy suffered from a slow start in the first years after its separation from the Czech Republic in 1993, due to the country's authoritarian leadership and high levels of corruption, but economic reforms implemented after 1998 have placed Slovakia on a path of strong growth. With a population of 5.4 million, the Slovak Republic has a small, open economy driven mainly by automobile and electronics exports, which account for more than 80% of GDP. Slovakia joined the EU in 2004 and the euro zone in 2009. The country's banking sector is sound and predominantly foreign owned.

Slovakia has been a regional FDI champion for several years, attractive due to a relatively low-cost yet skilled labor force, and a favorable geographic location in the heart of Central Europe. Exports and investment have been key drivers of Slovakia's robust growth in recent years. The unemployment rate fell to historical lows in 2017, and rising wages fueled increased consumption, which played a more prominent role in 2017 GDP growth. A favorable outlook for the Eurozone suggests continued strong growth prospects for Slovakia during the next few years, although inflation is also expected to pick up.

Among the most pressing domestic issues potentially threatening the attractiveness of the Slovak market are shortages in the qualified labor force, persistent corruption issues, and an inadequate judiciary, as well as a slow transition to an innovation-based economy. The energy sector in particular is characterized by unpredictable regulatory oversight and high costs, in part driven by government interference in regulated tariffs. Moreover, the government's attempts to maintain low household energy prices could harm the profitability of domestic energy firms while undercutting energy efficiency initiatives.

GDP (purchasing power parity)$538.388 billion (2019 est.)

$521.524 billion (2018 est.)

$504.35 billion (2017 est.)

note: data are in 2010 dollars
$178.513 billion (2019 est.)

$174.47 billion (2018 est.)

$168.134 billion (2017 est.)

note: data are in 2010 dollars
GDP - real growth rate3.24% (2019 est.)

3.41% (2018 est.)

2.48% (2017 est.)
2.4% (2019 est.)

3.9% (2018 est.)

3.04% (2017 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP)$12,810 (2019 est.)

$12,338 (2018 est.)

$11,871 (2017 est.)

note: data are in 2010 dollars
$32,730 (2019 est.)

$32,032 (2018 est.)

$30,911 (2017 est.)

note: data are in 2010 dollars
GDP - composition by sectoragriculture: 12.2% (2017 est.)

industry: 28.6% (2017 est.)

services: 60% (2017 est.)
agriculture: 3.8% (2017 est.)

industry: 35% (2017 est.)

services: 61.2% (2017 est.)
Population below poverty line1.1% (2019 est.)11.9% (2018 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage sharelowest 10%: 4.2%

highest 10%: 21.6% (2015 est.)
lowest 10%: 3.3%

highest 10%: 19.3% (2015 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)7.9% (2019 est.)

11% (2018 est.)

14.4% (2017 est.)

note: Excluding the temporarily occupied territories of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol and part of the anti-terrorist operation zone
2.6% (2019 est.)

2.5% (2018 est.)

1.3% (2017 est.)
Labor force16.033 million (2017 est.)2.511 million (2020 est.)
Labor force - by occupationagriculture: 5.8%

industry: 26.5%

services: 67.8% (2014)
agriculture: 3.9%

industry: 22.7%

services: 73.4% (2015)
Unemployment rate8.89% (2019 est.)

9.42% (2018 est.)

note: officially registered workers; large number of unregistered or underemployed workers
5% (2019 est.)

5.42% (2018 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index26.1 (2018 est.)

28.2 (2009)
25.2 (2016 est.)

26.1 (2014)
Budgetrevenues: 29.82 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 31.55 billion (2017 est.)

note: this is the planned, consolidated budget
revenues: 37.79 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 38.79 billion (2017 est.)
Industriescoal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food processingautomobiles; metal and metal products; electricity, gas, coke, oil, nuclear fuel; chemicals, synthetic fibers, wood and paper products; machinery; earthenware and ceramics; textiles; electrical and optical apparatus; rubber products; food and beverages; pharmaceutical
Industrial production growth rate3.1% (2017 est.)2.7% (2017 est.)
Agriculture - productsmaize, wheat, potatoes, sunflower seed, sugar beet, milk, barley, soybeans, rapeseed, tomatoeswheat, maize, sugar beet, milk, barley, rapeseed, potatoes, sunflower seed, soybeans, pork
Exports$161.231 billion (2019 est.)

$151.075 billion (2018 est.)

$153.046 billion (2017 est.)
$113.964 billion (2019 est.)

$113.092 billion (2018 est.)

$107.518 billion (2017 est.)
Exports - commoditiescorn, sunflower seed oils, iron and iron products, wheat, insulated wiring, rapeseed (2019)cars and vehicle parts, video displays, broadcasting equipment, tires, refined petroleum (2019)
Exports - partnersRussia 9%, China 8%, Germany 6%, Poland 6%, Italy 5%, Turkey 5% (2019)Germany 22%, Czechia 11%, Poland 7%, France 7%, Hungary 6%, Austria 5%, United Kingdom 5% (2019)
Imports$207.335 billion (2019 est.)

$195.071 billion (2018 est.)

$189.402 billion (2017 est.)
$107.88 billion (2019 est.)

$105.67 billion (2018 est.)

$100.689 billion (2017 est.)
Imports - commoditiesrefined petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, coal, natural gas (2019)cars and vehicle parts, broadcasting equipment, crude petroleum, natural gas, insulated wiring (2019)
Imports - partnersChina 13%, Russia 12%, Germany 10%, Poland 9%, Belarus 7% (2019)Germany 18%, Czechia 18%, Poland 8%, Hungary 7%, Russia 5% (2019)
Debt - external$117.41 billion (2019 est.)

$114.449 billion (2018 est.)
$115.853 billion (2019 est.)

$114.224 billion (2018 est.)
Exchange rateshryvnia (UAH) per US dollar -

28.10001 (2020 est.)

23.7 (2019 est.)

27.80499 (2018 est.)

21.8447 (2014 est.)

11.8867 (2013 est.)
euros (EUR) per US dollar -

0.82771 (2020 est.)

0.90338 (2019 est.)

0.87789 (2018 est.)

0.885 (2014 est.)

0.7634 (2013 est.)
Fiscal yearcalendar yearcalendar year
Public debt71% of GDP (2017 est.)

81.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: the total public debt of $64.5 billion consists of: domestic public debt ($23.8 billion); external public debt ($26.1 billion); and sovereign guarantees ($14.6 billion)
50.9% of GDP (2017 est.)

51.8% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general Government Gross Debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by Government entities, including sub-sectors of central, state, local government, and social security funds
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold$18.81 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$15.54 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
$3.622 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$2.892 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Current Account Balance-$4.124 billion (2019 est.)

-$6.432 billion (2018 est.)
-$3.026 billion (2019 est.)

-$2.635 billion (2018 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate)$155.082 billion (2019 est.)$105.388 billion (2019 est.)
Credit ratingsFitch rating: B (2019)

Moody's rating: B3 (2020)

Standard & Poors rating: B (2019)
Fitch rating: A (2020)

Moody's rating: A2 (2012)

Standard & Poors rating: A+ (2015)
Ease of Doing Business Index scoresOverall score: 70.2 (2020)

Starting a Business score: 91.1 (2020)

Trading score: 80.1 (2020)

Enforcement score: 63.6 (2020)
Overall score: 75.6 (2020)

Starting a Business score: 84.8 (2020)

Trading score: 100 (2020)

Enforcement score: 66.1 (2020)
Taxes and other revenues26.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)39.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)-1.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)-1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24total: 15.4%

male: 15.5%

female: 15.3% (2019 est.)
total: 16.1%

male: 14%

female: 19.7% (2019 est.)
GDP - composition, by end usehousehold consumption: 66.5% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 20.4% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 16% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 4.7% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 47.9% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -55.6% (2017 est.)
household consumption: 54.7% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 19.2% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 21.2% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 1.2% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 96.3% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -92.9% (2017 est.)
Gross national saving12.1% of GDP (2019 est.)

15.2% of GDP (2018 est.)

17.8% of GDP (2017 est.)
21.3% of GDP (2019 est.)

22.5% of GDP (2018 est.)

21.8% of GDP (2017 est.)

Source: CIA Factbook