Croatia vs. Slovenia
Introduction
| Croatia | Slovenia | |
|---|---|---|
| Background | The lands that today comprise Croatia were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the close of World War I. In 1918, the Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes formed a kingdom known after 1929 as Yugoslavia. Following World War II, Yugoslavia became a federal independent communist state consisting of six socialist republics under the strong hand of Marshal Josip Broz, aka TITO. Although Croatia declared its independence from Yugoslavia in 1991, it took four years of sporadic, but often bitter, fighting before occupying Yugoslav forces, dominated by Serb officers, were mostly cleared from Croatian lands, along with a majority of Croatia's ethnic Serb population. Under UN supervision, the last Serb-held enclave in eastern Slavonia was returned to Croatia in 1998. The country joined NATO in April 2009 and the EU in July 2013. | The Slovene lands were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the latter's dissolution at the end of World War I. In 1918, the Slovenes joined the Serbs and Croats in forming a new multinational state, which was named Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, Slovenia was one of the republics in the restored Yugoslavia, which, though communist, soon distanced itself from the Soviet Union and spearheaded the Non-Aligned Movement. Dissatisfied with the exercise of power by the majority Serbs, the Slovenes succeeded in establishing their independence in 1991 after a short 10-day war. Historical ties to Western Europe, a growing economy, and a stable democracy have assisted in Slovenia's postcommunist transition. Slovenia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004; it joined the euro zone and the Schengen zone in 2007. |
Geography
| Croatia | Slovenia | |
|---|---|---|
| Location | Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia | south Central Europe, Julian Alps between Austria and Croatia |
| Geographic coordinates | 45 10 N, 15 30 E | 46 07 N, 14 49 E |
| Map references | Europe | Europe |
| Area | total: 56,594 sq km land: 55,974 sq km water: 620 sq km | total: 20,273 sq km land: 20,151 sq km water: 122 sq km |
| Area - comparative | slightly smaller than West Virginia | slightly smaller than New Jersey |
| Land boundaries | total: 2,237 km border countries (5): Bosnia and Herzegovina 956 km, Hungary 348 km, Montenegro 19 km, Serbia 314 km, Slovenia 600 km | total: 1,211 km border countries (4): Austria 299 km, Croatia 600 km, Hungary 94 km, Italy 218 km |
| Coastline | 5,835 km (mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km) | 46.6 km |
| Maritime claims | territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation | territorial sea: 12 nm |
| Climate | Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast | Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east |
| Terrain | geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountains and highlands near Adriatic coastline and islands | a short southwestern coastal strip of Karst topography on the Adriatic; an alpine mountain region lies adjacent to Italy and Austria in the north; mixed mountains and valleys with numerous rivers to the east |
| Elevation extremes | highest point: Dinara 1,831 m lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m mean elevation: 331 m | highest point: Triglav 2,864 m lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m mean elevation: 492 m |
| Natural resources | oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, gypsum, natural asphalt, silica, mica, clays, salt, hydropower | lignite, lead, zinc, building stone, hydropower, forests |
| Land use | agricultural land: 23.7% (2018 est.) arable land: 16% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 1.5% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 6.2% (2018 est.) forest: 34.4% (2018 est.) other: 41.9% (2018 est.) | agricultural land: 22.8% (2018 est.) arable land: 8.4% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 1.3% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 13.1% (2018 est.) forest: 62.3% (2018 est.) other: 14.9% (2018 est.) |
| Irrigated land | 240 sq km (2012) | 60 sq km (2012) |
| Natural hazards | destructive earthquakes | flooding; earthquakes |
| Environment - current issues | air pollution improving but still a concern in urban settings and in emissions arriving from neighboring countries; surface water pollution in the Danube River Basin | air pollution from road traffic, domestic heating (wood buring), power generation, and industry; water pollution; biodiversity protection |
| Environment - international agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
| Geography - note | controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish Straits; most Adriatic Sea islands lie off the coast of Croatia - some 1,200 islands, islets, ridges, and rocks | despite its small size, this eastern Alpine country controls some of Europe's major transit routes |
| Total renewable water resources | 105.5 billion cubic meters (2017 est.) | 31.87 billion cubic meters (2017 est.) |
| Population distribution | more of the population lives in the northern half of the country, with approximately a quarter of the populace residing in and around the capital of Zagreb; many of the islands are sparsely populated | a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; pockets in the mountainous northwest exhibit less density than elsewhere |
Demographics
| Croatia | Slovenia | |
|---|---|---|
| Population | 4,208,973 (July 2021 est.) | 2,102,106 (July 2021 est.) |
| Age structure | 0-14 years: 14.16% (male 308,668/female 289,996) 15-24 years: 10.76% (male 233,602/female 221,495) 25-54 years: 39.77% (male 841,930/female 839,601) 55-64 years: 14.24% (male 290,982/female 310,969) 65 years and over: 21.06% (male 364,076/female 526,427) (2020 est.) | 0-14 years: 14.84% (male 160,134/female 151,960) 15-24 years: 9.01% (male 98,205/female 91,318) 25-54 years: 40.73% (male 449,930/female 406,395) 55-64 years: 14.19% (male 148,785/female 149,635) 65 years and over: 21.23% (male 192,420/female 253,896) (2020 est.) |
| Median age | total: 43.9 years male: 42 years female: 45.9 years (2020 est.) | total: 44.9 years male: 43.4 years female: 46.6 years (2020 est.) |
| Population growth rate | -0.48% (2021 est.) | -0.03% (2021 est.) |
| Birth rate | 8.68 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) | 8.5 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
| Death rate | 12.78 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) | 10.34 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
| Net migration rate | -0.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) | 1.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
| Sex ratio | at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2020 est.) | at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.08 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1.11 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2020 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate | total: 8.91 deaths/1,000 live births male: 8.67 deaths/1,000 live births female: 9.15 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.) | total: 1.53 deaths/1,000 live births male: 1.64 deaths/1,000 live births female: 1.42 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth | total population: 76.97 years male: 73.83 years female: 80.3 years (2021 est.) | total population: 81.61 years male: 78.73 years female: 84.6 years (2021 est.) |
| Total fertility rate | 1.44 children born/woman (2021 est.) | 1.59 children born/woman (2021 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate | <.1% (2020 est.) | <.1% (2020 est.) |
| Nationality | noun: Croat(s), Croatian(s) adjective: Croatian note: the French designation of "Croate" to Croatian mercenaries in the 17th century eventually became "Cravate" and later came to be applied to the soldiers' scarves - the cravat; Croatia celebrates Cravat Day every 18 October | noun: Slovene(s) adjective: Slovenian |
| Ethnic groups | Croat 90.4%, Serb 4.4%, other 4.4% (including Bosniak, Hungarian, Slovene, Czech, and Romani), unspecified 0.8% (2011 est.) | Slovene 83.1%, Serb 2%, Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other or unspecified 12% (2002 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | 1,700 (2020 est.) note: estimate does not include children | <1,000 (2020 est.) note: estimate does not include children |
| Religions | Roman Catholic 86.3%, Orthodox 4.4%, Muslim 1.5%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.5%, not religious or atheist 3.8% (2011 est.) | Catholic 57.8%, Muslim 2.4%, Orthodox 2.3%, other Christian 0.9%, unaffiliated 3.5%, other or unspecified 23%, none 10.1% (2002 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths | <100 (2020 est.) note: estimate does not include children | <100 (2018 est.) |
| Languages | Croatian (official) 95.6%, Serbian 1.2%, other 3% (including Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and Albanian), unspecified 0.2% (2011 est.) major-language sample(s): Knjiga svjetskih cinjenica, nuzan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Croatian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. | Slovene (official) 91.1%, Serbo-Croatian 4.5%, other or unspecified 4.4%, Italian (official, only in municipalities where Italian national communities reside), Hungarian (official, only in municipalities where Hungarian national communities reside) (2002 est.) major-language sample(s): Svetovni informativni zvezek - neobhoden vir osnovnih informacij. (Slovene) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. |
| Literacy | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 99.3% male: 99.7% female: 98.9% (2015) | definition: NA total population: 99.7% male: 99.7% female: 99.7% (2015) |
| School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) | total: 15 years male: 15 years female: 16 years (2018) | total: 18 years male: 17 years female: 18 years (2018) |
| Education expenditures | 3.9% of GDP (2017) | 4.8% of GDP (2017) |
| Urbanization | urban population: 57.9% of total population (2021) rate of urbanization: 0.05% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) | urban population: 55.4% of total population (2021) rate of urbanization: 0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) |
| Drinking water source | improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2017 est.) | improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2017 est.) |
| Sanitation facility access | improved: urban: 99.5% of population rural: 98.4% of population total: 99% of population unimproved: urban: 0.5% of population rural: 1.6% of population total: 1% of population (2017 est.) | improved: urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population unimproved: urban: 0% of population rural: 0% of population total: 0% of population (2017 est.) |
| Major cities - population | 685,000 ZAGREB (capital) (2021) | 286,000 LJUBLJANA (capital) (2018) |
| Maternal mortality rate | 8 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.) | 7 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.) |
| Health expenditures | 6.8% (2018) | 8.3% (2018) |
| Physicians density | 3 physicians/1,000 population (2016) | 3.09 physicians/1,000 population (2017) |
| Hospital bed density | 5.5 beds/1,000 population (2017) | 4.5 beds/1,000 population (2017) |
| Obesity - adult prevalence rate | 24.4% (2016) | 20.2% (2016) |
| Mother's mean age at first birth | 28.9 years (2019 est.) | 28.9 years (2019 est.) |
| Dependency ratios | total dependency ratio: 55.7 youth dependency ratio: 22.6 elderly dependency ratio: 33.1 potential support ratio: 3 (2020 est.) | total dependency ratio: 55.9 youth dependency ratio: 23.6 elderly dependency ratio: 32.3 potential support ratio: 3.1 (2020 est.) |
Government
| Croatia | Slovenia | |
|---|---|---|
| Country name | conventional long form: Republic of Croatia conventional short form: Croatia local long form: Republika Hrvatska local short form: Hrvatska former: People's Republic of Croatia, Socialist Republic of Croatia etymology: name derives from the Croats, a Slavic tribe who migrated to the Balkans in the 7th century A.D. | conventional long form: Republic of Slovenia conventional short form: Slovenia local long form: Republika Slovenija local short form: Slovenija former: People's Republic of Slovenia, Socialist Republic of Slovenia etymology: the country's name means "Land of the Slavs" in Slovene |
| Government type | parliamentary republic | parliamentary republic |
| Capital | name: Zagreb geographic coordinates: 45 48 N, 16 00 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: the name seems to be related to "digging"; archeologists suggest that the original settlement was established beyond a water-filled hole or "graba" and that the name derives from this; "za" in Slavic means "beyond"; the overall meaning may be "beyond the trench (fault, channel, ditch)" | name: Ljubljana geographic coordinates: 46 03 N, 14 31 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October etymology: likely related to the Slavic root "ljub", meaning "to like" or "to love"; by tradition, the name is related to the Slovene word "ljubljena" meaning "beloved" |
| Administrative divisions | 20 counties (zupanije, zupanija - singular) and 1 city* (grad - singular) with special county status; Bjelovarsko-Bilogorska (Bjelovar-Bilogora), Brodsko-Posavska (Brod-Posavina), Dubrovacko-Neretvanska (Dubrovnik-Neretva), Istarska (Istria), Karlovacka (Karlovac), Koprivnicko-Krizevacka (Koprivnica-Krizevci), Krapinsko-Zagorska (Krapina-Zagorje), Licko-Senjska (Lika-Senj), Medimurska (Medimurje), Osjecko-Baranjska (Osijek-Baranja), Pozesko-Slavonska (Pozega-Slavonia), Primorsko-Goranska (Primorje-Gorski Kotar), Sibensko-Kninska (Sibenik-Knin), Sisacko-Moslavacka (Sisak-Moslavina), Splitsko-Dalmatinska (Split-Dalmatia), Varazdinska (Varazdin), Viroviticko-Podravska (Virovitica-Podravina), Vukovarsko-Srijemska (Vukovar-Syrmia), Zadarska (Zadar), Zagreb*, Zagrebacka (Zagreb county) | 201 municipalities (obcine, singular - obcina) and 11 urban municipalities (mestne obcine, singular - mestna obcina) municipalities: Ajdovscina, Ankaran, Apace, Beltinci, Benedikt, Bistrica ob Sotli, Bled, Bloke, Bohinj, Borovnica, Bovec, Braslovce, Brda, Brezice, Brezovica, Cankova, Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Cerknica, Cerkno, Cerkvenjak, Cirkulane, Crensovci, Crna na Koroskem, Crnomelj, Destrnik, Divaca, Dobje, Dobrepolje, Dobrna, Dobrova-Polhov Gradec, Dobrovnik/Dobronak, Dolenjske Toplice, Dol pri Ljubljani, Domzale, Dornava, Dravograd, Duplek, Gorenja Vas-Poljane, Gorisnica, Gorje, Gornja Radgona, Gornji Grad, Gornji Petrovci, Grad, Grosuplje, Hajdina, Hoce-Slivnica, Hodos, Horjul, Hrastnik, Hrpelje-Kozina, Idrija, Ig, Ilirska Bistrica, Ivancna Gorica, Izola/Isola, Jesenice, Jezersko, Jursinci, Kamnik, Kanal, Kidricevo, Kobarid, Kobilje, Kocevje, Komen, Komenda, Kosanjevica na Krki, Kostel, Kozje, Kranjska Gora, Krizevci, Krsko, Kungota, Kuzma, Lasko, Lenart, Lendava/Lendva, Litija, Ljubno, Ljutomer, Log-Dragomer, Logatec, Loska Dolina, Loski Potok, Lovrenc na Pohorju, Luce, Lukovica, Majsperk, Makole, Markovci, Medvode, Menges, Metlika, Mezica, Miklavz na Dravskem Polju, Miren-Kostanjevica, Mirna, Mirna Pec, Mislinja, Mokronog-Trebelno, Moravce, Moravske Toplice, Mozirje, Muta, Naklo, Nazarje, Odranci, Oplotnica, Ormoz, Osilnica, Pesnica, Piran/Pirano, Pivka, Podcetrtek, Podlehnik, Podvelka, Poljcane, Polzela, Postojna, Prebold, Preddvor, Prevalje, Puconci, Race-Fram, Radece, Radenci, Radlje ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne na Koroskem, Razkrizje, Recica ob Savinji, Rence-Vogrsko, Ribnica, Ribnica na Pohorju, Rogaska Slatina, Rogasovci, Rogatec, Ruse, Selnica ob Dravi, Semic, Sevnica, Sezana, Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Sodrazica, Solcava, Sredisce ob Dravi, Starse, Straza, Sveta Ana, Sveta Trojica v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Andraz v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Jurij ob Scavnici, Sveti Jurij v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Tomaz, Salovci, Sempeter-Vrtojba, Sencur, Sentilj, Sentjernej, Sentjur, Sentrupert, Skocjan, Skofja Loka, Skofljica, Smarje pri Jelsah, Smarjeske Toplice, Smartno ob Paki, Smartno pri Litiji, Sostanj, Store, Tabor, Tisina, Tolmin, Trbovlje, Trebnje, Trnovska Vas, Trzic, Trzin, Turnisce, Velika Polana, Velike Lasce, Verzej, Videm, Vipava, Vitanje, Vodice, Vojnik, Vransko, Vrhnika, Vuzenica, Zagorje ob Savi, Zalec, Zavrc, Zelezniki, Zetale, Ziri, Zirovnica, Zrece, Zuzemberk urban municipalities: Celje, Koper-Capodistria, Kranj, Ljubljana, Maribor, Murska Sobota, Nova Gorica, Novo Mesto, Ptuj, Slovenj Gradec, Velenje |
| Independence | 25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia); note - 25 June 1991 was the day the Croatian parliament voted for independence; following a three-month moratorium to allow the European Community to solve the Yugoslav crisis peacefully, parliament adopted a decision on 8 October 1991 to sever constitutional relations with Yugoslavia; notable earlier dates: ca. 925 (Kingdom of Croatia established); 1 December 1918 (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) established) | 25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia) |
| National holiday | Statehood Day (National Day), 30 May (1990); note - marks the day in 1990 that the first modern multi-party Croatian parliament convened | Independence Day/Statehood Day, 25 June (1991) |
| Constitution | history: several previous; latest adopted 22 December 1990 amendments: proposed by at least one fifth of the Assembly membership, by the president of the republic, by the Government of Croatia, or through petition by at least 10% of the total electorate; proceedings to amend require majority vote by the Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; passage by petition requires a majority vote in a referendum and promulgation by the Assembly; amended several times, last in 2014 (2021) | history: previous 1974 (preindependence); latest passed by Parliament 23 December 1991 amendments: proposed by at least 20 National Assembly members, by the government, or by petition of at least 30,000 voters; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; referendum required if agreed upon by at least 30 Assembly members; passage in a referendum requires participation of a majority of eligible voters and a simple majority of votes cast; amended several times, last in 2016 |
| Legal system | civil law system influenced by legal heritage of Austria-Hungary; note - Croatian law was fully harmonized with the European Community acquis as of the June 2010 completion of EU accession negotiations | civil law system |
| Suffrage | 18 years of age; universal | 18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal |
| Executive branch | chief of state: President Zoran MILANOVIC (since 18 February 2020) head of government: Prime Minister Andrej PLENKOVIC (since 19 October 2016); Deputy Prime Ministers Damir KRSTICEVIC (since 19 October 2016), Predrag STROMAR (since 9 June 2017), Marija Pejcinovic BURIC (since 19 June 2017), and Tomislav TOLUSIC (since 25 May 2018) cabinet: Council of Ministers named by the prime minister and approved by the Assembly elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 December 2019 with a runoff on 5 January 2020 (next to be held in 2024); the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the president and approved by the Assembly election results: Zoran MILANOVIC elected president in second round; percent of vote - Zoran MILANOVIC (SDP) 52.7%, Kolinda GRABAR-KITAROVIC (HDZ) 47.3% | chief of state: President Borut PAHOR (since 22 December 2012) head of government: Prime Minister Janez JANSA (since 13 March 2020) cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term); election last held on 22 October with a runoff on 12 November 2017 (next election to be held by November 2022); following National Assembly elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually nominated prime minister by the president and elected by the National Assembly election results: Borut PAHOR is reelected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Borut PAHOR (independent) 47.1%, Marjan SAREC (Marjan Sarec List) 25%, Romana TOMC (SDS) 13.7%, Ljudmila NOVAK (NSi) 7.2%, other 7%; percent of vote in second round - Borut PAHOR 52.9%, Marjan SAREC 47.1%; Janez JANSA (SDS) elected prime minister on 3 March 2020, National Assembly vote - 52-31 |
| Legislative branch | description: unicameral Assembly or Hrvatski Sabor (151 seats; 140 members in 10 multi-seat constituencies and 3 members in a single constituency for Croatian diaspora directly elected by proportional representation vote using the D'Hondt method with a 5% threshold; an additional 8 members elected from a nationwide constituency by simple majority by voters belonging to minorities recognized by Croatia; the Serb minority elects 3 Assembly members, the Hungarian and Italian minorities elect 1 each, the Czech and Slovak minorities elect 1 jointly, and all other minorities elect 2; all members serve 4-year terms elections: early election held on 5 July 2020 (next to be held by 2024) election results: percent of vote by coalition/party - HDZ-led coalition 37.3%, Restart coalition 24.9%, DPMS-led coalition 10.9%, MOST 7.4%, Green-Left coalition 7%, P-F-SSIP 4%, HNS-LD 1.3%, People's Party - Reformists 1%, other 6.2%; number of seats by coalition/party - HDZ-led coalition 66, Restart coalition 41, DPMS-led coalition 16, MOST 8, Green-Left coalition 7, P-F-SSIP 3, HNS-LD 1, People's Party - Reformists - 1, national minorities 8; composition - men 116, women 35, percent of women 23.2% note: seats by party as of March 2021 - HDZ 62, SDP 33, DP 9, Most 6, Croatian Sovereignists 4, We Can! 4, IDS 3, SDSS 3, HSS 2, HSLS 2, BZH 1, Center 1, FOKUS 1, GLAS 1, HDS 1, HSU 1, NL 1, Reformists 1, SSIP 1, WF 1, independent 12 | description: bicameral Parliament consists of: National Council or Drzavni Svet (40 seats; members indirectly elected by an electoral college to serve 5-year terms); note - the Council is primarily an advisory body with limited legislative powers National Assembly or Drzavni Zbor (90 seats; 88 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 2 directly elected in special constituencies for Italian and Hungarian minorities by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms) elections: National Council - last held on 22 November 2017 (next to be held in 2022) National Assembly - last held on 3 June 2018 (next to be held no later than 2022) election results: National Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 36, women 4, percent of women 10% National Assembly - percent of vote by party - SDS 24.9%, LMS 12.7%, SD 9.9%, SMC 9.8%, Levica 9.3%, NSi 7.1%, Stranka AB 5.1%, DeSUS 4.9%, SNS 4.2%, other 12.1%; seats by party - SDS 25, LMS 13, SD 10, SMC 10, Levica 9, NSi 7, Stranka AB 5, DeSUS 5, SNS 4, Italian and Hungarian minorities 2; composition - men 68, women 22, percent of women 24.4%; note - total Parliament percent of women 20% |
| Judicial branch | highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the court president and vice president, 25 civil department justices, and 16 criminal department justices) judge selection and term of office: president of Supreme Court nominated by the president of Croatia and elected by the Sabor for a 4-year term; other Supreme Court justices appointed by the National Judicial Council; all judges serve until age 70 subordinate courts: Administrative Court; county, municipal, and specialized courts; note - there is an 11-member Constitutional Court with jurisdiction limited to constitutional issues but is outside of the judicial system | highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the court president and 37 judges organized into civil, criminal, commercial, labor and social security, administrative, and registry departments); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 7 judges) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president and vice president appointed by the National Assembly upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice based on the opinions of the Judicial Council, an 11-member independent body elected by the National Assembly from proposals submitted by the president, attorneys, law universities, and sitting judges; other Supreme Court judges elected by the National Assembly from candidates proposed by the Judicial Council; Supreme Court judges serve for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly from nominations by the president of the republic; Constitutional Court president selected from among its own membership for a 3-year term; other judges elected for single 9-year terms subordinate courts: county, district, regional, and high courts; specialized labor-related and social courts; Court of Audit; Administrative Court |
| Political parties and leaders | Bloc for Croatia or BZH [Zlatko HASANBEGOVIC] Bridge of Independent Lists or Most [Bozo PETROV] Center [collective leadership] (formerly Pametno) Civic Liberal Alliance or GLAS [Ankar Mrak TARITAS] Croatian Christian Democratic Party or HDS [Goran DODIG] Croatian Conservative Party or HKS [Marijan PAVLICEK] Croatian Democratic Congress of Slavonia and Baranja or HDSSB [Branimir GLAVAS] Croatian Democratic Union or HDZ [Andrej PLENKOVIC] Croatian Democratic Union-led coalition (includes HSLS, HDS, HDSSB) Croatian Peasant Party or HSS [Kreso BELJAK] Croatian Pensioner Party or HSU [Silvano HRELJA] Croatian People's Party - Liberal Democrats or HNS-LD [Ivan VRDOLJAK] Croatian Social Liberal Party or HSLS [Dario HREBAK] Croatian Sovereignists coalition (includes HKS, HRAST) FOKUS [Davor NADI] Green-Left coalition (includes MOZEMO!, RF, NL) Homeland Movement or DP [Miloslav SKORO] Homeland Movement-led coalition (includes DP, Croatian Sovereignists coalition, BZH) Istrian Democratic Assembly or IDS [Boris MILETIC] Movement for Successful Croatia or HRAST [Ladislav ILCIC] New Left or NL [Dragan MARKOVINA] Pametno [Marijana PULJAK] Pametno, FOKUS, SSIP coalition Party with a First and Last Name or SSIP [Ivan KOVACIC] People's Party - Reformists [Radimir CACIC] Restart Coalition (includes HSLS, HDS, HDSSB) Social Democratic Party of Croatia or SDP [Zlatko KOMADINA, acting leader] We Can! or MOZEMO! [collective leadership] Workers' Front or RF [collective leadership] HDZ 62, SDP 33, DP 9, Most 6, Croatian Sovereignists 4, We Can! 4, IDS 3, SDSS 3, HSS 2, HSLS 2, Block 1, Center 1, FOKUS 1, GLAS 1, HDS 1, HSU 1, New Left 1, Reformists 1, SSIP 1, Workers' Front 1, independent 12 | Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia or DeSUS [Aleksandra PIVEC] List of Marjan Sarec or LMS [Marjan SAREC] Modern Center Party or SMC [Miro CERAR] New Slovenia or NSi [Matej TONIN] Party of Alenka Bratusek or Stranka AB [Alenka BRATUSEK] (formerly Alliance of Social Liberal Democrats or ZSD and before that Alliance of Alenka Bratusek or ZaAB) Slovenian Democratic Party or SDS [Janez JANSA] Slovenian National Party or SNS [Zmago JELINCIC Plemeniti] Social Democrats or SD [Dejan ZIDAN] The Left or Levica [Luka MESEC] (successor to United Left or ZL) |
| International organization participation | Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EMU, EU, FAO, G-11, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, NAM (observer), NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC | Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC |
| Diplomatic representation in the US | chief of mission: Ambassador Pjer SIMUNOVIC (since 8 September 2017) chancery: 2343 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 588-5899 FAX: [1] (202) 588-8936; [1] (202) 588-8936 email address and website: washington@mvep.hr http://us.mvep.hr/en/ consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Seattle (WA), Washington, DC consulate(s): Anchorage (AL), Houston, Kansas City (MO), New Orleans, Pittsburgh (PA) | chief of mission: Ambassador Tone KAJZER (since 23 December 2020) chancery: 2410 California Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 386-6601 FAX: [1] (202) 386-6633 email address and website: vwa@gov.si http://www.washington.embassy.si/index.php?id=51&L=1 consulate(s) general: Cleveland (OH) |
| Diplomatic representation from the US | chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Mark FLEMING (since May 2021) embassy: Ulica Thomasa Jeffersona 2, 10010 Zagreb mailing address: 5080 Zagreb Place, Washington DC 20521-5080 telephone: [385] (1) 661-2200 FAX: [385] (1) 661-8933 email address and website: ZagrebACS@state.gov https://hr.usembassy.gov/ | chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Susan K. Falatko (since 20 January 2021) embassy: Presernova 31, 1000 Ljubljana mailing address: 7140 Ljubljana Place, Washington, DC 20521-7140 telephone: [386] (1) 200-5500 FAX: [386] (1) 200-5555 email address and website: LjubljanaACS@state.gov https://si.usembassy.gov/ |
| Flag description | three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue - the Pan-Slav colors - superimposed by the Croatian coat of arms; the coat of arms consists of one main shield (a checkerboard of 13 red and 12 silver (white) fields) surmounted by five smaller shields that form a crown over the main shield; the five small shields represent five historic regions (from left to right): Croatia, Dubrovnik, Dalmatia, Istria, and Slavonia note: the Pan-Slav colors were inspired by the 19th-century flag of Russia | three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, derive from the medieval coat of arms of the Duchy of Carniola; the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, the prominent Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early 15th centuries) appears in the upper hoist side of the flag centered on the white and blue bands |
| National anthem | name: "Lijepa nasa domovino" (Our Beautiful Homeland) lyrics/music: Antun MIHANOVIC/Josip RUNJANIN note: adopted in 1972 while still part of Yugoslavia; "Lijepa nasa domovino," whose lyrics were written in 1835, served as an unofficial anthem beginning in 1891 | name: "Zdravljica" (A Toast) lyrics/music: France PRESEREN/Stanko PREMRL note: adopted in 1989 while still part of Yugoslavia; originally written in 1848; the full poem, whose seventh verse is used as the anthem, speaks of pan-Slavic nationalism |
| International law organization participation | has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction | has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction |
| National symbol(s) | red-white checkerboard; national colors: red, white, blue | Mount Triglav; national colors: white, blue, red |
| Citizenship | citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Croatia dual citizenship recognized: yes residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years | citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Slovenia; both parents if the child is born outside of Slovenia dual citizenship recognized: yes, for select cases residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years, the last 5 of which have been continuous |
Economy
| Croatia | Slovenia | |
|---|---|---|
| Economy - overview | Though still one of the wealthiest of the former Yugoslav republics, Croatia's economy suffered badly during the 1991-95 war. The country's output during that time collapsed, and Croatia missed the early waves of investment in Central and Eastern Europe that followed the fall of the Berlin Wall. Between 2000 and 2007, however, Croatia's economic fortunes began to improve with moderate but steady GDP growth between 4% and 6%, led by a rebound in tourism and credit-driven consumer spending. Inflation over the same period remained tame and the currency, the kuna, stable. Croatia experienced an abrupt slowdown in the economy in 2008; economic growth was stagnant or negative in each year between 2009 and 2014, but has picked up since the third quarter of 2014, ending 2017 with an average of 2.8% growth. Challenges remain including uneven regional development, a difficult investment climate, an inefficient judiciary, and loss of educated young professionals seeking higher salaries elsewhere in the EU. In 2016, Croatia revised its tax code to stimulate growth from domestic consumption and foreign investment. Income tax reduction began in 2017, and in 2018 various business costs were removed from income tax calculations. At the start of 2018, the government announced its economic reform plan, slated for implementation in 2019. Tourism is one of the main pillars of the Croatian economy, comprising 19.6% of Croatia's GDP. Croatia is working to become a regional energy hub, and is undertaking plans to open a floating liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification terminal by the end of 2019 or early in 2020 to import LNG for re-distribution in southeast Europe. Croatia joined the EU on July 1, 2013, following a decade-long accession process. Croatia has developed a plan for Eurozone accession, and the government projects Croatia will adopt the Euro by 2024. In 2017, the Croatian government decreased public debt to 78% of GDP, from an all-time high of 84% in 2014, and realized a 0.8% budget surplus - the first surplus since independence in 1991. The government has also sought to accelerate privatization of non-strategic assets with mixed success. Croatia's economic recovery is still somewhat fragile; Croatia's largest private company narrowly avoided collapse in 2017, thanks to a capital infusion from an American investor. Restructuring is ongoing, and projected to finish by mid-July 2018. | With excellent infrastructure, a well-educated work force, and a strategic location between the Balkans and Western Europe, Slovenia has one of the highest per capita GDPs in Central Europe, despite having suffered a protracted recession in the 2008-09 period in the wake of the global financial crisis. Slovenia became the first 2004 EU entrant to adopt the euro (on 1 January 2007) and has experienced a stable political and economic transition.
In March 2004, Slovenia became the first transition country to graduate from borrower status to donor partner at the World Bank. In 2007, Slovenia was invited to begin the process for joining the OECD; it became a member in 2012. From 2014 to 2016, export-led growth, fueled by demand in larger European markets, pushed annual GDP growth above 2.3%. Growth reached 5.0% in 2017 and is projected to near or reach 5% in 2018. What used to be stubbornly high unemployment fell below 5.5% in early 2018, driven by strong exports and increasing consumption that boosted labor demand. Continued fiscal consolidation through increased tax collection and social security contributions will likely result in a balanced government budget in 2019.
Prime Minister CERAR's government took office in September 2014, pledging to press ahead with commitments to privatize a select group of state-run companies, rationalize public spending, and further stabilize the banking sector. Efforts to privatize Slovenia's largely state-owned banking sector have largely stalled, however, amid concerns about an ongoing dispute over Yugoslav-era foreign currency deposits. |
| GDP (purchasing power parity) | $116.339 billion (2019 est.) $113.105 billion (2018 est.) $110.016 billion (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars | $81.614 billion (2019 est.) $79.095 billion (2018 est.) $75.773 billion (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars |
| GDP - real growth rate | 2.94% (2019 est.) 2.7% (2018 est.) 3.14% (2017 est.) | 2.4% (2019 est.) 4.24% (2018 est.) 5.14% (2017 est.) |
| GDP - per capita (PPP) | $28,602 (2019 est.) $27,669 (2018 est.) $26,674 (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars | $39,088 (2019 est.) $38,139 (2018 est.) $36,670 (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars |
| GDP - composition by sector | agriculture: 3.7% (2017 est.) industry: 26.2% (2017 est.) services: 70.1% (2017 est.) | agriculture: 1.8% (2017 est.) industry: 32.2% (2017 est.) services: 65.9% (2017 est.) |
| Population below poverty line | 18.3% (2018 est.) | 12% (2018 est.) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share | lowest 10%: 2.7% highest 10%: 23% (2015 est.) | lowest 10%: 3.8% highest 10%: 20.1% (2016) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 0.7% (2019 est.) 1.4% (2018 est.) 1.1% (2017 est.) | 1.6% (2019 est.) 1.7% (2018 est.) 1.4% (2017 est.) |
| Labor force | 1.656 million (2020 est.) | 885,000 (2020 est.) |
| Labor force - by occupation | agriculture: 1.9% industry: 27.3% services: 70.8% (2017 est.) | agriculture: 5.5% industry: 31.2% services: 63.3% (2017 est.) |
| Unemployment rate | 8.07% (2019 est.) 9.86% (2018 est.) | 7.64% (2019 est.) 8.25% (2018 est.) |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index | 30.4 (2017 est.) 32.1 (2014 est.) | 24.2 (2017 est.) 24.5 (2015) |
| Budget | revenues: 25.24 billion (2017 est.) expenditures: 24.83 billion (2017 est.) | revenues: 21.07 billion (2017 est.) expenditures: 21.06 billion (2017 est.) |
| Industries | chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminum, paper, wood products, construction materials, textiles, shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food and beverages, tourism | ferrous metallurgy and aluminum products, lead and zinc smelting; electronics (including military electronics), trucks, automobiles, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools |
| Industrial production growth rate | 1.2% (2017 est.) | 8.6% (2017 est.) |
| Agriculture - products | maize, wheat, sugar beet, milk, barley, soybeans, potatoes, pork, grapes, sunflower seed | milk, maize, wheat, grapes, barley, potatoes, poultry, apples, beef, pork |
| Exports | $36.28 billion (2019 est.) $33.97 billion (2018 est.) $32.75 billion (2017 est.) | $49.872 billion (2019 est.) $48.001 billion (2018 est.) $45.096 billion (2017 est.) |
| Exports - commodities | refined petroleum, packaged medicines, cars, medical cultures/vaccines, lumber (2019) | packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, electrical lighting/signaling equipment, electricity (2019) |
| Exports - partners | Italy 13%, Germany 13%, Slovenia 10%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 9%, Austria 6%, Serbia 5% (2019) | Germany 18%, Italy 11%, Croatia 8%, Austria 7%, France 5%, Switzerland 5% (2019) |
| Imports | $37.612 billion (2019 est.) $35.367 billion (2018 est.) $32.899 billion (2017 est.) | $45.489 billion (2019 est.) $43.637 billion (2018 est.) $40.625 billion (2017 est.) |
| Imports - commodities | crude petroleum, cars, refined petroleum, packaged medicines, electricity (2019) | packaged medicines, cars and vehicle parts, refined petroleum, delivery trucks, electricity (2019) |
| Imports - partners | Italy 14%, Germany 14%, Slovenia 11%, Hungary 7%, Austria 6% (2019) | Germany 14%, Italy 12%, Austria 8%, Switzerland 8%, China 7% (2019) |
| Debt - external | $48.263 billion (2019 est.) $51.176 billion (2018 est.) | $48.656 billion (2019 est.) $50.004 billion (2018 est.) |
| Exchange rates | kuna (HRK) per US dollar - 6.2474 (2020 est.) 6.72075 (2019 est.) 6.48905 (2018 est.) 6.8583 (2014 est.) 5.7482 (2013 est.) | euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.82771 (2020 est.) 0.90338 (2019 est.) 0.87789 (2018 est.) 0.885 (2014 est.) 0.7634 (2013 est.) |
| Fiscal year | calendar year | calendar year |
| Public debt | 77.8% of GDP (2017 est.) 82.3% of GDP (2016 est.) | 73.6% of GDP (2017 est.) 78.6% of GDP (2016 est.) note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the central, state, local government, and social security funds |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | $18.82 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $14.24 billion (31 December 2016 est.) | $889.9 million (31 December 2017 est.) $853 million (31 December 2016 est.) |
| Current Account Balance | $1.597 billion (2019 est.) $1 billion (2018 est.) | $3.05 billion (2019 est.) $3.17 billion (2018 est.) |
| GDP (official exchange rate) | $60.687 billion (2019 est.) | $54.16 billion (2019 est.) |
| Credit ratings | Fitch rating: BBB- (2019) Moody's rating: Ba1 (2020) Standard & Poors rating: BBB- (2019) | Fitch rating: A (2019) Moody's rating: A3 (2020) Standard & Poors rating: AA- (2019) |
| Ease of Doing Business Index scores | Overall score: 73.6 (2020) Starting a Business score: 85.3 (2020) Trading score: 100 (2020) Enforcement score: 70.6 (2020) | Overall score: 76.5 (2020) Starting a Business score: 93 (2020) Trading score: 100 (2020) Enforcement score: 54.8 (2020) |
| Taxes and other revenues | 46.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.) | 43.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.) |
| Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) | 0.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.) | 0% (of GDP) (2017 est.) |
| Unemployment, youth ages 15-24 | total: 16.6% male: 14.5% female: 19.8% (2019 est.) | total: 8.1% male: 7.4% female: 9.2% (2019 est.) |
| GDP - composition, by end use | household consumption: 57.3% (2017 est.) government consumption: 19.5% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 20% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 0% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 51.1% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -48.8% (2017 est.) | household consumption: 52.6% (2017 est.) government consumption: 18.2% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 18.4% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 1.1% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 82.3% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -72.6% (2017 est.) |
| Gross national saving | 25.3% of GDP (2019 est.) 25.3% of GDP (2018 est.) 25.3% of GDP (2017 est.) | 26.5% of GDP (2019 est.) 27.2% of GDP (2018 est.) 26.5% of GDP (2017 est.) |
Energy
| Croatia | Slovenia | |
|---|---|---|
| Electricity - production | 12.2 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 15.46 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - consumption | 15.93 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 13.4 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - exports | 3.2 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 7.972 billion kWh (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - imports | 8.702 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 8.359 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Oil - production | 14,000 bbl/day (2018 est.) | 5 bbl/day (2018 est.) |
| Oil - imports | 55,400 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 0 bbl/day (2017 est.) |
| Oil - exports | 0 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 0 bbl/day (2017 est.) |
| Oil - proved reserves | 71 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.) | 0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.) |
| Natural gas - proved reserves | 24.92 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.) | NA cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - production | 1.048 billion cu m (2017 est.) | 8 million cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - consumption | 2.577 billion cu m (2017 est.) | 906.1 million cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - exports | 172.7 million cu m (2017 est.) | 2.832 million cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - imports | 1.841 billion cu m (2017 est.) | 906.1 million cu m (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - installed generating capacity | 4.921 million kW (2016 est.) | 3.536 million kW (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - from fossil fuels | 45% of total installed capacity (2016 est.) | 37% of total installed capacity (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - from hydroelectric plants | 40% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 34% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - from nuclear fuels | 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 20% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - from other renewable sources | 16% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 9% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - production | 74,620 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 0 bbl/day (2017 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - consumption | 73,000 bbl/day (2016 est.) | 52,140 bbl/day (2017 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - exports | 40,530 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 29,350 bbl/day (2017 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - imports | 35,530 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 93,060 bbl/day (2017 est.) |
| Electricity access | electrification - total population: 100% (2020) | electrification - total population: 100% (2020) |
Telecommunications
| Croatia | Slovenia | |
|---|---|---|
| Telephones - main lines in use | total subscriptions: 1,333,661 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 31.38 (2019 est.) | total subscriptions: 707,059 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 33.63 (2019 est.) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular | total subscriptions: 4,404,652 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 103.63 (2019 est.) | total subscriptions: 2,511,979 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 119.48 (2019 est.) |
| Internet country code | .hr | .si |
| Internet users | total: 3,104,212 percent of population: 72.69% (July 2018 est.) | total: 1,676,445 percent of population: 79.75% (July 2018 est.) |
| Telecommunication systems | general assessment: Croatia's telecom market improved through partnership with the EU in 2013, opening a competitive market in mobile and broadband and conducive regulatory environment; one of the highest mobile penetration rates in the Balkans, covering most remote areas; local lines are digital; international operator investment provides relatively high broadband penetration; tests for 5G technologies in 2020 (2020) (2020)domestic: fixed-line teledensity has dropped somewhat to about 32 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions 107 per 100 (2019) international: country code - 385; the ADRIA-1 submarine cable provides connectivity to Albania and Greece; digital international service is provided through the main switch in Zagreb; Croatia participates in the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic project, which consists of 2 fiber-optic trunk connections with Slovenia and a fiber-optic trunk line from Rijeka to Split and Dubrovnik (2019) note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments | general assessment: well-developed telecom infrastructure with sound regulatory intervention; increase in Internet community utilizing e-government, e-commerce, and e-health; government funds to improve broadband to more municipalities; high mobile penetration rate retaining customers with bundled products; extensive reach of 5G; FttP to 90% of premises; importer of broadcasting equipment from neighboring Central Europe (2021) (2020) domestic: fixed-line 34 per 100 and mobile-cellular 121 per 100 teledensity (2019) international: country code - 386 (2016) note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments |
| Broadband - fixed subscriptions | total: 1,154,773 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 27.17 (2019 est.) | total: 627,939 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 29.87 (2019 est.) |
| Broadcast media | the national state-owned public broadcaster, Croatian Radiotelevision, operates 4 terrestrial TV networks, a satellite channel that rebroadcasts programs for Croatians living abroad, and 6 regional TV centers; 2 private broadcasters operate national terrestrial networks; 29 privately owned regional TV stations; multi-channel cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; state-owned public broadcaster operates 4 national radio networks and 23 regional radio stations; 2 privately owned national radio networks and 117 local radio stations (2019) | public TV broadcaster, Radiotelevizija Slovenija (RTV), operates a system of national and regional TV stations; 35 domestic commercial TV stations operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 60% of households are connected to multi-channel cable TV; public radio broadcaster operates 3 national and 4 regional stations; more than 75 regional and local commercial and non-commercial radio stations |
Transportation
| Croatia | Slovenia | |
|---|---|---|
| Railways | total: 2,722 km (2014) standard gauge: 2,722 km 1.435-m gauge (980 km electrified) (2014) | total: 1,229 km (2014) standard gauge: 1,229 km 1.435-m gauge (503 km electrified) (2014) |
| Roadways | total: 26,958 km (includes 1,416 km of expressways) (2015) | total: 38,985 km (2012) paved: 38,985 km (includes 769 km of expressways) (2012) |
| Waterways | 785 km (2009) | (some transport on the Drava River) (2012) |
| Pipelines | 2410 km gas, 610 km oil (2011) | 1155 km gas, 5 km oil (2017) |
| Ports and terminals | major seaport(s): Ploce, Rijeka, Sibenik, Split oil terminal(s): Omisalj river port(s): Vukovar (Danube) | major seaport(s): Koper |
| Merchant marine | total: 343 by type: bulk carrier 14, general cargo 33, oil tanker 19, other 277 (2020) | total: 9 by type: other 9 (2020) |
| Airports | total: 69 (2013) | total: 16 (2020) |
| Airports - with paved runways | total: 24 (2017) over 3,047 m: 2 (2017) 2,438 to 3,047 m: 6 (2017) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2017) 914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2017) under 914 m: 10 (2017) | total: 9 (2020) over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 3 |
| Airports - with unpaved runways | total: 45 (2013) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2013) 914 to 1,523 m: 6 (2013) under 914 m: 38 (2013) | total: 7 (2020) 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 3 |
| National air transport system | number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 18 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 2,093,577 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 530,000 mt-km (2018) | number of registered air carriers: 2 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 21 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 1,094,762 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 540,000 mt-km (2018) |
| Civil aircraft registration country code prefix | 9A | S5 |
Military
| Croatia | Slovenia | |
|---|---|---|
| Military branches | Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia (Oruzane Snage Republike Hrvatske, OSRH) consists of five major commands directly subordinate to a General Staff: Ground Forces (Hrvatska Kopnena Vojska, HKoV), Naval Forces (Hrvatska Ratna Mornarica, HRM, includes Coast Guard), Air Force and Air Defense Command (Hrvatsko Ratno Zrakoplovstvo I Protuzracna Obrana), Joint Education and Training Command, Logistics Command; Military Police Force supports each of the three Croatian military forces (2021) | Slovenian Armed Forces (Slovenska Vojska, SV): structured as a combined force with air, land, maritime, special operations, combat support, and combat service support elements (2021) |
| Military service age and obligation | 18-27 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2008 (2019) | 18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2003 (2019) |
| Military expenditures - percent of GDP | 1.83% of GDP (2020 est.) 1.65% of GDP (2019) 1.57% of GDP (2018) 1.67% of GDP (2017) 1.62% of GDP (2016) | 1.1% of GDP (2020 est.) 1.06% of GDP (2019) 1.01% of GDP (2018) 0.98% of GDP (2017) 1% of GDP (2016) |
| Military - note | Croatia officially became a member of NATO in 2009 | Slovenia officially became a member of NATO in 2004 |
| Military and security service personnel strengths | the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia have approximately 15,000 active duty personnel (10,000 Army; 1,500 Navy; 1,500 Air force; 2,000 joint/other) (2020) | the Slovenian Armed Forces have approximately 7,000 active duty troops (2020) |
| Military equipment inventories and acquisitions | the inventory of the Croatian Armed Forces consists mostly of Soviet-era equipment, although in recent years, it has acquired a limited number of more modern weapon systems from some Western suppliers, including Finland, Germany, and the US (2020) | the inventory of the Slovenian Armed Forces is a mix of Soviet-era and limited quantities of more modern Western equipment; since 2010, it has received limited supplies of military equipment from Finland, France, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the US (2020) |
Transnational Issues
| Croatia | Slovenia | |
|---|---|---|
| Disputes - international | dispute remains with Bosnia and Herzegovina over several small sections of the boundary related to maritime access that hinders ratification of the 1999 border agreement; since the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, Croatia and Slovenia have each claimed sovereignty over Piranski Bay and four villages, and Slovenia has objected to Croatia's claim of an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic Sea; in 2009, however Croatia and Slovenia signed a binding international arbitration agreement to define their disputed land and maritime borders, which led to Slovenia lifting its objections to Croatia joining the EU; Slovenia continues to impose a hard border Schengen regime with Croatia, which joined the EU in 2013 but has not yet fulfilled Schengen requirements | since the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, Croatia and Slovenia have each claimed sovereignty over Piran Bay and four villages, and Slovenia has objected to Croatia's claim of an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic Sea; in 2009, however Croatia and Slovenia signed a binding international arbitration agreement to define their disputed land and maritime borders, which led Slovenia to lift its objections to Croatia joining the EU; in June 2017 the arbitration panel issued a ruling on the border that Croatia has not implemented; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Slovenia has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and commerce through southeastern Europe while encouraging close cross-border ties with Croatia; Slovenia continues to impose a hard border Schengen regime with Croatia, which joined the EU in 2013 but has not yet fulfilled Schengen requirements |
| Illicit drugs | primarily a transit country along the Balkan route for maritime shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe and other illicit drugs and chemical precursors to and from Western Europe; no significant domestic production of illicit drugs | minor transit point for cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe, and for precursor chemicals |
| Refugees and internally displaced persons | stateless persons: 2,900 (2020) note: 727,610 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-May 2021); flows slowed considerably in 2017; Croatia is predominantly a transit country and hosts about 340 asylum seekers as of the end of June 2018 | stateless persons: 10 (2020) note: 522,757 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-July 2021) |
Environment
| Croatia | Slovenia | |
|---|---|---|
| Air pollutants | particulate matter emissions: 17.03 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 17.49 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 3.98 megatons (2020 est.) | particulate matter emissions: 15.81 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 12.63 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 2.1 megatons (2020 est.) |
| Total water withdrawal | municipal: 455 million cubic meters (2017 est.) industrial: 184 million cubic meters (2017 est.) agricultural: 76 million cubic meters (2017 est.) | municipal: 169.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.) industrial: 758 million cubic meters (2017 est.) agricultural: 3.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.) |
| Revenue from forest resources | forest revenues: 0.26% of GDP (2018 est.) | forest revenues: 0.2% of GDP (2018 est.) |
| Revenue from coal | coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.) | coal revenues: 0.03% of GDP (2018 est.) |
| Waste and recycling | municipal solid waste generated annually: 1.654 million tons (2015 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 269,933 tons (2015 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 16.3% (2015 est.) | municipal solid waste generated annually: 926,000 tons (2015 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 430,034 tons (2015 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 46.4% (2015 est.) |
Source: CIA Factbook
