Zambia vs. Angola

Introduction

	Zambia	Angola
Background	Multiple waves of Bantu-speaking groups moved into and through what is now Zambia over the past thousand years. In the 1880s, the British began securing mineral and other economic concessions from various local leaders and the territory that is now Zambia eventually came under the control of the former British South Africa Company and was incorporated as the protectorate of Northern Rhodesia in 1911. Administrative control was taken over by the UK in 1924. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred development and immigration. The name was changed to Zambia upon independence in 1964. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining copper prices, economic mismanagement, and a prolonged drought hurt the economy. Elections in 1991 brought an end to one-party rule and propelled the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD) to government. The subsequent vote in 1996, however, saw increasing harassment of opposition parties and abuse of state media and other resources. The election in 2001 was marked by administrative problems, with three parties filing a legal petition challenging the election of ruling party candidate Levy MWANAWASA. MWANAWASA was reelected in 2006 in an election that was deemed free and fair. Upon his death in August 2008, he was succeeded by his vice president, Rupiah BANDA, who won a special presidential byelection later that year. The MMD and BANDA lost to the Patriotic Front (PF) and Michael SATA in the 2011 general elections. SATA, however, presided over a period of haphazard economic management and attempted to silence opposition to PF policies. SATA died in October 2014 and was succeeded by his vice president, Guy SCOTT, who served as interim president until January 2015, when Edgar LUNGU won the presidential byelection and completed SATA's term. LUNGU then won a full term in August 2016 presidential elections.	From the late 14th to the mid 19th century a Kingdom of Kongo stretched across central Africa from present-day northern Angola into the current Congo republics. It traded heavily with the Portuguese who, beginning in the 16th century, established coastal colonies and trading posts and introduced Christianity. By the 19th century, Portuguese settlement had spread to the interior; in 1914, Portugal abolished the last vestiges of the Kongo Kingdom and Angola became a Portuguese colony. Angola scores low on human development indexes despite using its large oil reserves to rebuild since the end of a 27-year civil war in 2002. Fighting between the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), led by Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS, and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas SAVIMBI, followed independence from Portugal in 1975. Peace seemed imminent in 1992 when Angola held national elections, but fighting picked up again in 1993. Up to 1.5 million lives may have been lost - and 4 million people displaced - during the more than a quarter century of fighting. SAVIMBI's death in 2002 ended UNITA's insurgency and cemented the MPLA's hold on power. DOS SANTOS stepped down from the presidency in 2017, having led the country since 1979. He pushed through a new constitution in 2010. Joao LOURENCO was elected president in August 2017 and became president of the MPLA in September 2018.

Geography

	Zambia	Angola
Location	Southern Africa, east of Angola, south of the Democratic Republic of the Congo	Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Namibia and Democratic Republic of the Congo
Geographic coordinates	15 00 S, 30 00 E	12 30 S, 18 30 E
Map references	Africa	Africa
Area	total: 752,618 sq km land: 743,398 sq km water: 9,220 sq km	total: 1,246,700 sq km land: 1,246,700 sq km water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative	almost five times the size of Georgia; slightly larger than Texas	about eight times the size of Georgia; slightly less than twice the size of Texas
Land boundaries	total: 6,043.15 km border countries (8): Angola 1065 km, Botswana 0.15 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2332 km, Malawi 847 km, Mozambique 439 km, Namibia 244 km, Tanzania 353 km, Zimbabwe 763 km	total: 5,369 km border countries (4): Democratic Republic of the Congo 2646 km (of which 225 km is the boundary of discontiguous Cabinda Province), Republic of the Congo 231 km, Namibia 1427 km, Zambia 1065 km
Coastline	0 km (landlocked)	1,600 km
Maritime claims	none (landlocked)	territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate	tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)	semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)
Terrain	mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains	narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior plateau
Elevation extremes	highest point: Mafinga Central 2,330 m lowest point: Zambezi river 329 m mean elevation: 1,138 m	highest point: Moca 2,620 m lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m mean elevation: 1,112 m
Natural resources	copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium, hydropower	petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium
Land use	agricultural land: 31.7% (2018 est.) arable land: 4.8% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 26.9% (2018 est.) forest: 66.3% (2018 est.) other: 2% (2018 est.)	agricultural land: 45.7% (2018 est.) arable land: 3.9% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 0.3% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 41.5% (2018 est.) forest: 54.3% (2018 est.)
Irrigated land	1,560 sq km (2012)	860 sq km (2014)
Natural hazards	periodic drought; tropical storms (November to April)	locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on the plateau
Environment - current issues	air pollution and resulting acid rain in the mineral extraction and refining region; chemical runoff into watersheds; loss of biodiversity; poaching seriously threatens rhinoceros, elephant, antelope, and large cat populations; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; lack of adequate water treatment presents human health risks	overuse of pastures and subsequent soil erosion attributable to population pressures; desertification; deforestation of tropical rain forest, in response to both international demand for tropical timber and to domestic use as fuel, resulting in loss of biodiversity; soil erosion contributing to water pollution and siltation of rivers and dams; inadequate supplies of potable water
Environment - international agreements	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note	landlocked; the Zambezi forms a natural riverine boundary with Zimbabwe; Lake Kariba on the Zambia-Zimbabwe border forms the world's largest reservoir by volume (180 cu km; 43 cu mi)	the province of Cabinda is an exclave, separated from the rest of the country by the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Total renewable water resources	104.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)	148.4 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)
Population distribution	one of the highest levels of urbanization in Africa; high density in the central area, particularly around the cities of Lusaka, Ndola, Kitwe, and Mufulira as shown in this population distribution map	most people live in the western half of the country; urban areas account for the highest concentrations of people, particularly the capital of Luanda as shown in this population distribution map

Demographics

	Zambia	Angola
Population	19,077,816 (July 2021 est.) note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected	33,642,646 (July 2021 est.) note: Angola's national statistical agency projected the country's 2017 population to be 28.4 million
Age structure	0-14 years: 45.74% (male 4,005,134/female 3,964,969) 15-24 years: 20.03% (male 1,744,843/female 1,746,561) 25-54 years: 28.96% (male 2,539,697/female 2,506,724) 55-64 years: 3.01% (male 242,993/female 280,804) 65 years and over: 2.27% (male 173,582/female 221,316) (2020 est.)	0-14 years: 47.83% (male 7,758,636/female 7,797,869) 15-24 years: 18.64% (male 2,950,999/female 3,109,741) 25-54 years: 27.8% (male 4,301,618/female 4,740,463) 55-64 years: 3.43% (male 523,517/female 591,249) 65 years and over: 2.3% (male 312,197/female 436,050) (2020 est.)
Median age	total: 16.9 years male: 16.7 years female: 17 years (2020 est.)	total: 15.9 years male: 15.4 years female: 16.4 years (2020 est.)
Population growth rate	2.93% (2021 est.)	3.38% (2021 est.)
Birth rate	35.23 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)	42.22 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Death rate	6.24 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)	8.24 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Net migration rate	0.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)	-0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Sex ratio	at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.87 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2020 est.)	at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 0.95 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 0.91 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2020 est.)
Infant mortality rate	total: 37.91 deaths/1,000 live births male: 41.44 deaths/1,000 live births female: 34.27 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)	total: 60.58 deaths/1,000 live births male: 65.91 deaths/1,000 live births female: 55.09 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)
Life expectancy at birth	total population: 65.92 years male: 64.15 years female: 67.75 years (2021 est.)	total population: 61.71 years male: 59.66 years female: 63.81 years (2021 est.)
Total fertility rate	4.63 children born/woman (2021 est.)	5.9 children born/woman (2021 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate	11.1% (2020 est.)	1.8% (2020 est.)
Nationality	noun: Zambian(s) adjective: Zambian	noun: Angolan(s) adjective: Angolan
Ethnic groups	Bemba 21%, Tonga 13.6%, Chewa 7.4%, Lozi 5.7%, Nsenga 5.3%, Tumbuka 4.4%, Ngoni 4%, Lala 3.1%, Kaonde 2.9%, Namwanga 2.8%, Lunda (north Western) 2.6%, Mambwe 2.5%, Luvale 2.2%, Lamba 2.1%, Ushi 1.9%, Lenje 1.6%, Bisa 1.6%, Mbunda 1.2%, other 13.8%, unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.)	Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS	1.5 million (2020 est.)	340,000 (2020 est.)
Religions	Protestant 75.3%, Roman Catholic 20.2%, other 2.7% (includes Muslim Buddhist, Hindu, and Baha'i), none 1.8% (2010 est.)	Roman Catholic 41.1%, Protestant 38.1%, other 8.6%, none 12.3% (2014 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths	24,000 (2020 est.)	16,000 (2020 est.)
Languages	Bemba 33.4%, Nyanja 14.7%, Tonga 11.4%, Lozi 5.5%, Chewa 4.5%, Nsenga 2.9%, Tumbuka 2.5%, Lunda (North Western) 1.9%, Kaonde 1.8%, Lala 1.8%, Lamba 1.8%, English (official) 1.7%, Luvale 1.5%, Mambwe 1.3%, Namwanga 1.2%, Lenje 1.1%, Bisa 1%, other 9.7%, unspecified 0.2% (2010 est.) note: Zambia is said to have over 70 languages, although many of these may be considered dialects; all of Zambia's major languages are members of the Bantu family; Chewa and Nyanja are mutually intelligible dialects	Portuguese 71.2% (official), Umbundu 23%, Kikongo 8.2%, Kimbundu 7.8%, Chokwe 6.5%, Nhaneca 3.4%, Nganguela 3.1%, Fiote 2.4%, Kwanhama 2.3%, Muhumbi 2.1%, Luvale 1%, other 3.6%; note - data represent most widely spoken languages; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census (2014 est.)
Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write English total population: 86.7% male: 90.6% female: 83.1% (2018)	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 71.1% male: 82% female: 60.7% (2015)
Major infectious diseases	degree of risk: very high (2020) food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria and dengue fever water contact diseases: schistosomiasis animal contact diseases: rabies	degree of risk: very high (2020) food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria water contact diseases: schistosomiasis animal contact diseases: rabies
Education expenditures	4.6% of GDP NA (2018)	3.4% of GDP (2010)
Urbanization	urban population: 45.2% of total population (2021) rate of urbanization: 4.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)	urban population: 67.5% of total population (2021) rate of urbanization: 4.04% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Drinking water source	improved: urban: 89.5% of population rural: 50.9% of population total: 67.5% of population unimproved: urban: 10.5% of population rural: 49.1% of population total: 32.5% of population (2017 est.)	improved: urban: 81.7% of population rural: 36.6% of population total: 65.8% of population unimproved: urban: 18.3% of population rural: 63.4% of population total: 34.2% of population (2017 est.)
Sanitation facility access	improved: urban: 69.6% of population rural: 24.8% of population total: 44.1% of population unimproved: urban: 31.4% of population rural: 75.2% of population total: 55.9% of population (2017 est.)	improved: urban: 92.2% of population rural: 29.2% of population total: 70.1% of population unimproved: urban: 7.8% of population rural: 70.8% of population total: 29.9% of population (2017 est.)
Major cities - population	2.906 million LUSAKA (capital) (2021)	8.632 million LUANDA (capital), 871,000 Lubango, 819,000 Cabinda (2021)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight	11.8% (2018/19)	19% (2015/16)
Health expenditures	4.9% (2018)	2.6% (2018)
Physicians density	1.19 physicians/1,000 population (2018)	0.22 physicians/1,000 population (2017)
Obesity - adult prevalence rate	8.1% (2016)	8.2% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth	19.2 years (2018 est.) note: median age at first birth among women 20-49	19.4 years (2015/16 est.) note: median age at first birth among women 20-49
Demographic profile	Zambia's poor, youthful population consists primarily of Bantu-speaking people representing nearly 70 different ethnicities. Zambia's high fertility rate continues to drive rapid population growth, averaging almost 3 percent annually between 2000 and 2010. The country's total fertility rate has fallen by less than 1.5 children per woman during the last 30 years and still averages among the world's highest, almost 6 children per woman, largely because of the country's lack of access to family planning services, education for girls, and employment for women. Zambia also exhibits wide fertility disparities based on rural or urban location, education, and income. Poor, uneducated women from rural areas are more likely to marry young, to give birth early, and to have more children, viewing children as a sign of prestige and recognizing that not all of their children will live to adulthood. HIV/AIDS is prevalent in Zambia and contributes to its low life expectancy. Zambian emigration is low compared to many other African countries and is comprised predominantly of the well-educated. The small amount of brain drain, however, has a major impact in Zambia because of its limited human capital and lack of educational infrastructure for developing skilled professionals in key fields. For example, Zambia has few schools for training doctors, nurses, and other health care workers. Its spending on education is low compared to other Sub-Saharan countries.	More than a decade after the end of Angola's 27-year civil war, the country still faces a variety of socioeconomic problems, including poverty, high maternal and child mortality, and illiteracy. Despite the country's rapid post-war economic growth based on oil production, about 40 percent of Angolans live below the poverty line and unemployment is widespread, especially among the large young-adult population. Only about 70% of the population is literate, and the rate drops to around 60% for women. The youthful population - about 45% are under the age of 15 - is expected to continue growing rapidly with a fertility rate of more than 5 children per woman and a low rate of contraceptive use. Fewer than half of women deliver their babies with the assistance of trained health care personnel, which contributes to Angola's high maternal mortality rate. Of the estimated 550,000 Angolans who fled their homeland during its civil war, most have returned home since 2002. In 2012, the UN assessed that conditions in Angola had been stable for several years and invoked a cessation of refugee status for Angolans. Following the cessation clause, some of those still in exile returned home voluntarily through UN repatriation programs, and others integrated into host countries.
Contraceptive prevalence rate	49.6% (2018)	13.7% (2015/16)
Dependency ratios	total dependency ratio: 85.7 youth dependency ratio: 81.7 elderly dependency ratio: 4 potential support ratio: 25.3 (2020 est.)	total dependency ratio: 94.5 youth dependency ratio: 90.2 elderly dependency ratio: 4.3 potential support ratio: 23.5 (2020 est.)

Government

	Zambia	Angola
Country name	conventional long form: Republic of Zambia conventional short form: Zambia former: Northern Rhodesia etymology: name derived from the Zambezi River, which flows through the western part of the country and forms its southern border with neighboring Zimbabwe	conventional long form: Republic of Angola conventional short form: Angola local long form: Republica de Angola local short form: Angola former: People's Republic of Angola etymology: name derived by the Portuguese from the title "ngola" held by kings of the Ndongo (Ndongo was a kingdom in what is now northern Angola)
Government type	presidential republic	presidential republic
Capital	name: Lusaka; note - a proposal to build a new capital city in Ngabwe was announced in May 2017 geographic coordinates: 15 25 S, 28 17 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) etymology: named after a village called Lusaka, located at Manda Hill, near where Zambia's National Assembly building currently stands; the village was named after a headman (chief) Lusakasa	name: Luanda geographic coordinates: 8 50 S, 13 13 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) daylight saving time: does not observe daylight savings time etymology: originally named "Sao Paulo da Assuncao de Loanda" (Saint Paul of the Assumption of Loanda), which over time was shortened and corrupted to just Luanda
Administrative divisions	10 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Muchinga, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western	18 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango, Cuanza-Norte, Cuanza-Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda-Norte, Lunda-Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire
Independence	24 October 1964 (from the UK)	11 November 1975 (from Portugal)
National holiday	Independence Day, 24 October (1964)	Independence Day, 11 November (1975)
Constitution	history: several previous; latest adopted 24 August 1991, promulgated 30 August 1991 amendments: proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly in two separate readings at least 30 days apart; passage of amendments affecting fundamental rights and freedoms requires approval by at least one half of votes cast in a referendum prior to consideration and voting by the Assembly; amended 1996, 2015, 2016; note - in late 2020, an amendment which would have altered the structure of the constitution was defeated in the National Assembly	history: previous 1975, 1992; latest passed by National Assembly 21 January 2010, adopted 5 February 2010 amendments: proposed by the president of the republic or supported by at least one third of the National Assembly membership; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly subject to prior Constitutional Court review if requested by the president of the republic
Legal system	mixed legal system of English common law and customary law	civil legal system based on Portuguese civil law; no judicial review of legislation
Suffrage	18 years of age; universal	18 years of age; universal
Executive branch	chief of state: President Hakainde HICHILEMA (since 24 August 2021); Vice President Mutale NALUMANGO (since 24 August 2021) note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Hakainde HICHILEMA (since 24 August 2021); Vice President Mutale NALUMANGO (since 24 August 2021) note - the president is both chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet appointed by president from among members of the National Assembly elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); last held on 12 August 2021 (next to be held in 2026) election results: 2021: Hakainde HICHILEMA elected president; percent of the vote-Hakainde HICHILEMA (UPND) 57.9%,Edgar LUNGU (PF) 37.3%, other 4.8% 2016: Edgar LUNGU re-elected president; percent of vote- Edgar LUNGU (PF) 50.4%, Hakainde HICHILEMA (UPND) 47.6%, other 2%	chief of state: President Joao Manuel Goncalves LOURENCO (since 26 September 2017); Vice President Bornito De Sousa Baltazar DIOGO (since 26 September 2017); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government head of government: President Joao Manuel Goncalves LOURENCO (since 26 September 2017); Vice President Bornito De Sousa Baltazar DIOGO (since 26 September 2017) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: the candidate of the winning party or coalition in the last legislative election becomes the president; president serves a 5-year term (eligible for a second consecutive or discontinuous term); last held on 23 August 2017 (next to be held in 2022) election results: Joao Manuel Goncalves LOURENCO (MPLA) elected president by the winning party following the 23 August 2017 general election
Legislative branch	description: unicameral National Assembly (167 seats; 156 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote in 2 rounds if needed, and up to 8 appointed by the president; members serve 5-year terms); 11 are appointed elections: last held on 12 August 2021 (next to be held 2026) election results: percent of vote by party - UPND 53.9%, PF 38.1%, PNUP 0.6%, independent 7.4%; seats by party - UPND 82, PF 61, PNUP 1, independent 11; composition - men 135, women 20, percent of women 13.5% note: 155 seats were filled with one seat left vacant; the election for Kaumbwe Constituency has yet to conducted.	description: unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (220 seats; members directly elected in a single national constituency and in multi-seat constituencies by closed list proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms) elections: last held on 23 August 2017 (next to be held in August 2022) election results: percent of vote by party - MPLA 61.1%, UNITA 26.7%, CASA-CE 9.5%, PRS 1.4%, FNLA 0.9%, other 0.5%; seats by party - MPLA 150, UNITA 51, CASA-CE 16, PRS 2, FNLA 1; composition - men 136, women 84, percent of women 38.2%
Judicial branch	highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice, deputy chief justice, and at least 11 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 11 judges); note - the Constitutional Court began operation in June 2016 judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court and Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president of the republic upon the advice of the 9-member Judicial Service Commission, which is headed by the chief justice, and ratified by the National Assembly; judges normally serve until age 65 subordinate courts: Court of Appeal; High Court; Industrial Relations Court; subordinate courts (3 levels, based on upper limit of money involved); Small Claims Court; local courts (2 grades, based on upper limit of money involved)	highest courts: Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica (consists of the court president, vice president, and a minimum of 16 judges); Constitutional Court or Tribunal Constitucional (consists of 11 judges) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the president upon recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council, an 18-member body chaired by the president; judge tenure NA; Constitutional Court judges - 4 nominated by the president, 4 elected by National Assembly, 2 elected by Supreme National Council, 1 elected by competitive submission of curricula; judges serve single 7-year terms subordinate courts: provincial and municipal courts
Political parties and leaders	Alliance for Democracy and Development or ADD [Charles MILUPI] Forum for Democracy and Development or FDD [Edith NAWAKWI] Movement for Multiparty Democracy or MMD [Felix MUTATI] National Democratic Congress or NDC [Chishimba KAMBWILI] Patriotic Front or PF [Edgar LUNGU] United Party for National Development or UPND [Hakainde HICHILEMA] Party of National Unity and Progress or PNUP [Highvie HAMUDUDU]	Broad Convergence for the Salvation of Angola Electoral Coalition or CASA-CE [Andre Mendes de CARVALHO] National Front for the Liberation of Angola or FNLA; note - party has two factions; one led by Lucas NGONDA; the other by Ngola KABANGU National Union for the Total Independence of Angola or UNITA [Isaias SAMAKUVA] (largest opposition party) Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola or MPLA [Joao LOURENCO]; note - Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS stepped down 8 Sept 2018 ruling party in power since 1975 Social Renewal Party or PRS [Benedito DANIEL]
International organization participation	ACP, AfDB, AU, C, COMESA, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO	ACP, AfDB, AU, CEMAC, CPLP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OAS (observer), OPEC, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Lazarous KAPAMBWE (since 8 April 2020) chancery: 2200 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 234-4009 FAX: [1] (202) 332-0826 email address and website: info@zambiaembassy.org https://www.zambiaembassy.org/	chief of mission: Ambassador Joaquim do Espirito SANTO (since 16 September 2019) chancery: 2100-2108 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 785-1156 FAX: [1] (202) 822-9049 email address and website: info@angola.org https://angola.org/ consulate(s) general: Houston, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US	chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires David J. YOUNG (since 2 March 2020) embassy: Eastern end of Kabulonga Road, Ibex Hill, Lusaka mailing address: 2310 Lusaka Place, Washington DC 20521-2310 telephone: [260] (0) 211-357-000 FAX: [260] (0) 211-357-224 email address and website: ACSLusaka@state.gov https://zm.usembassy.gov/	chief of mission: Ambassador Nina Maria FITE (since 14 February 2018) embassy: Rua Houari Boumedienne, #32, Luanda mailing address: 2550 Luanda Place, Washington, DC 20521-2550 telephone: [244] (222) 64-1000 FAX: [244] (222) 64-1000 email address and website: Consularluanda@state.gov https://ao.usembassy.gov/
Flag description	green field with a panel of three vertical bands of red (hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on the outer edge of the flag; green stands for the country's natural resources and vegetation, red symbolizes the struggle for freedom, black the people of Zambia, and orange the country's mineral wealth; the eagle represents the people's ability to rise above the nation's problems	two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle); red represents liberty and black the African continent; the symbols characterize workers and peasants
National anthem	name: "Lumbanyeni Zambia" (Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free) lyrics/music: multiple/Enoch Mankayi SONTONGA note: adopted 1964; the melody, from the popular song "God Bless Africa," is the same as that of Tanzania but with different lyrics; the melody is also incorporated into South Africa's anthem	name: "Angola Avante" (Forward Angola) lyrics/music: Manuel Rui Alves MONTEIRO/Rui Alberto Vieira Dias MINGAO note: adopted 1975
International law organization participation	has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction	has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt
National symbol(s)	African fish eagle; national colors: green, red, black, orange	Palanca Negra Gigante (giant black sable antelope); national colors: red, black, yellow
Citizenship	citizenship by birth: only if at least one parent is a citizen of Zambia citizenship by descent only: yes, if at least one parent was a citizen of Zambia dual citizenship recognized: yes residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years for those with an ancestor who was a citizen of Zambia, otherwise 10 years residency is required	citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Angola dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Economy

	Zambia	Angola
Economy - overview	Zambia had one of the world's fastest growing economies for the ten years up to 2014, with real GDP growth averaging roughly 6.7% per annum, though growth slowed during the period 2015 to 2017, due to falling copper prices, reduced power generation, and depreciation of the kwacha. Zambia's lack of economic diversification and dependency on copper as its sole major export makes it vulnerable to fluctuations in the world commodities market and prices turned downward in 2015 due to declining demand from China; Zambia was overtaken by the Democratic Republic of Congo as Africa's largest copper producer. GDP growth picked up in 2017 as mineral prices rose. Despite recent strong economic growth and its status as a lower middle-income country, widespread and extreme rural poverty and high unemployment levels remain significant problems, made worse by a high birth rate, a relatively high HIV/AIDS burden, by market-distorting agricultural and energy policies, and growing government debt. Zambia raised $7 billion from international investors by issuing separate sovereign bonds in 2012, 2014, and 2015. Concurrently, it issued over $4 billion in domestic debt and agreed to Chinese-financed infrastructure projects, significantly increasing the country's public debt burden to more than 60% of GDP. The government has considered refinancing $3 billion worth of Eurobonds and significant Chinese loans to cut debt servicing costs.	Angola's economy is overwhelmingly driven by its oil sector. Oil production and its supporting activities contribute about 50% of GDP, more than 70% of government revenue, and more than 90% of the country's exports; Angola is an OPEC member and subject to its direction regarding oil production levels. Diamonds contribute an additional 5% to exports. Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for most of the people, but half of the country's food is still imported. Increased oil production supported growth averaging more than 17% per year from 2004 to 2008. A postwar reconstruction boom and resettlement of displaced persons led to high rates of growth in construction and agriculture as well. Some of the country's infrastructure is still damaged or undeveloped from the 27-year-long civil war (1975-2002). However, the government since 2005 has used billions of dollars in credit from China, Brazil, Portugal, Germany, Spain, and the EU to help rebuild Angola's public infrastructure. Land mines left from the war still mar the countryside, and as a result, the national military, international partners, and private Angolan firms all continue to remove them. The global recession that started in 2008 stalled Angola's economic growth and many construction projects stopped because Luanda accrued billions in arrears to foreign construction companies when government revenue fell. Lower prices for oil and diamonds also resulted in GDP falling 0.7% in 2016. Angola formally abandoned its currency peg in 2009 but reinstituted it in April 2016 and maintains an overvalued exchange rate. In late 2016, Angola lost the last of its correspondent relationships with foreign banks, further exacerbating hard currency problems. Since 2013 the central bank has consistently spent down reserves to defend the kwanza, gradually allowing a 40% depreciation since late 2014. Consumer inflation declined from 325% in 2000 to less than 9% in 2014, before rising again to above 30% from 2015-2017. Continued low oil prices, the depreciation of the kwanza, and slower than expected growth in non-oil GDP have reduced growth prospects, although several major international oil companies remain in Angola. Corruption, especially in the extractive sectors, is a major long-term challenge that poses an additional threat to the economy.
GDP (purchasing power parity)	$61.985 billion (2019 est.) $61.104 billion (2018 est.) $58.735 billion (2017 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars	$212.285 billion (2019 est.) $213.619 billion (2018 est.) $217.987 billion (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars
GDP - real growth rate	3.4% (2017 est.) 3.8% (2016 est.) 2.9% (2015 est.)	-2.5% (2017 est.) -2.6% (2016 est.) 0.9% (2015 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP)	$3,470 (2019 est.) $3,522 (2018 est.) $3,485 (2017 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars	$6,670 (2019 est.) $6,934 (2018 est.) $7,311 (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars
GDP - composition by sector	agriculture: 7.5% (2017 est.) industry: 35.3% (2017 est.) services: 57% (2017 est.)	agriculture: 10.2% (2011 est.) industry: 61.4% (2011 est.) services: 28.4% (2011 est.)
Population below poverty line	54.4% (2015 est.)	32.3% (2018 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: 1.5% highest 10%: 47.4% (2010)	lowest 10%: 0.6% highest 10%: 44.7% (2000)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	9.1% (2019 est.) 7.4% (2018 est.) 6.5% (2017 est.)	17.2% (2019 est.) 20.3% (2018 est.) 32.1% (2017 est.)
Labor force	6.898 million (2017 est.)	12.51 million (2017 est.)
Labor force - by occupation	agriculture: 54.8% industry: 9.9% services: 35.3% (2017 est.)	agriculture: 85% industry: 15% (2015 est.) industry and services: 15% (2003 est.)
Unemployment rate	15% (2008 est.) 50% (2000 est.)	6.6% (2016 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index	57.1 (2015 est.) 50.8 (2004)	51.3 (2018 est.)
Budget	revenues: 4.473 billion (2017 est.) expenditures: 6.357 billion (2017 est.)	revenues: 37.02 billion (2017 est.) expenditures: 45.44 billion (2017 est.)
Industries	copper mining and processing, emerald mining, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, fertilizer, horticulture	petroleum; diamonds, iron ore, phosphates, feldspar, bauxite, uranium, and gold; cement; basic metal products; fish processing; food processing, brewing, tobacco products, sugar; textiles; ship repair
Industrial production growth rate	4.7% (2017 est.)	2.5% (2017 est.)
Agriculture - products	sugar cane, cassava, maize, milk, vegetables, soybeans, beef, tobacco, wheat, groundnuts	cassava, bananas, maize, sweet potatoes, pineapples, sugar cane, potatoes, citrus fruit, vegetables, cabbage
Exports	$8.216 billion (2017 est.) $6.514 billion (2016 est.)	$33.07 billion (2017 est.) $31.03 billion (2016 est.)
Exports - commodities	copper, gold, gemstones, sulfuric acid, raw sugar, tobacco (2019)	crude petroleum, diamonds, natural gas, refined petroleum, ships (2019)
Exports - partners	Switzerland 29%, China 16%, Namibia 12%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 9%, Singapore 5% (2019)	China 62%, India 10%, United Arab Emirates 4%, Portugal 3%, Spain 3% (2019)
Imports	$7.852 billion (2017 est.) $6.539 billion (2016 est.)	$19.5 billion (2017 est.) $13.04 billion (2016 est.)
Imports - commodities	refined petroleum, crude petroleum, delivery trucks, gold, fertilizers (2019)	refined petroleum, scrap vessels, meat, rice, palm oil (2019)
Imports - partners	South Africa 29%, China 14%, United Arab Emirates 12%, India 5% (2019)	China 22%, Portugal 15%, Nigeria 6%, Belgium 6%, United States 5%, South Africa 5%, Brazil 5% (2019)
Debt - external	$11.66 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $9.562 billion (31 December 2016 est.)	$42.08 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $27.14 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Exchange rates	Zambian kwacha (ZMK) per US dollar - 21.065 (2020 est.) 15.3736 (2019 est.) 11.855 (2018 est.) 8.6 (2014 est.) 6.2 (2013 est.)	kwanza (AOA) per US dollar - 172.6 (2017 est.) 163.656 (2016 est.) 163.656 (2015 est.) 120.061 (2014 est.) 98.303 (2013 est.)
Fiscal year	calendar year	calendar year
Public debt	63.1% of GDP (2017 est.) 60.7% of GDP (2016 est.)	65% of GDP (2017 est.) 75.3% of GDP (2016 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold	$2.082 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $2.353 billion (31 December 2016 est.)	$17.29 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $23.74 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Current Account Balance	-$1.006 billion (2017 est.) -$934 million (2016 est.)	-$1.254 billion (2017 est.) -$4.834 billion (2016 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate)	$25.71 billion (2017 est.)	$97.261 billion (2019 est.)
Credit ratings	Fitch rating: RD (2020) Moody's rating: Ca (2020) Standard & Poors rating: SD (2020)	Fitch rating: CCC (2020) Moody's rating: Caa1 (2020) Standard & Poors rating: CCC+ (2020)
Ease of Doing Business Index scores	Overall score: 66.9 (2020) Starting a Business score: 84.9 (2020) Trading score: 56.9 (2020) Enforcement score: 50.8 (2020)	Overall score: 41.3 (2020) Starting a Business score: 79.4 (2020) Trading score: 36.2 (2020) Enforcement score: 28.1 (2020)
Taxes and other revenues	17.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)	29.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)	-7.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)	-6.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24	total: 26% male: 24.7% female: 27.6% (2018 est.)	total: 17.3% male: 17.9% female: 16.7% (2014 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use	household consumption: 52.6% (2017 est.) government consumption: 21% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 27.1% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 1.2% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 43% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -44.9% (2017 est.)	household consumption: 80.6% (2017 est.) government consumption: 15.6% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 10.3% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: -1.2% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 25.4% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -30.7% (2017 est.)
Gross national saving	39.7% of GDP (2019 est.) 41.8% of GDP (2018 est.) 36.3% of GDP (2017 est.)	23.3% of GDP (2019 est.) 25.2% of GDP (2018 est.) 23.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

Energy

	Zambia	Angola
Electricity - production	11.55 billion kWh (2016 est.)	10.2 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - consumption	11.04 billion kWh (2016 est.)	9.036 billion kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - exports	1.176 billion kWh (2015 est.)	0 kWh (2016 est.)
Electricity - imports	2.185 billion kWh (2016 est.)	0 kWh (2016 est.)
Oil - production	0 bbl/day (2018 est.)	1.593 million bbl/day (2018 est.)
Oil - imports	12,860 bbl/day (2015 est.)	0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Oil - exports	0 bbl/day (2015 est.)	1.782 million bbl/day (2015 est.)
Oil - proved reserves	0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)	9.523 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves	0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)	308.1 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)
Natural gas - production	0 cu m (2017 est.)	3.115 billion cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - consumption	0 cu m (2017 est.)	821.2 million cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - exports	0 cu m (2017 est.)	3.993 billion cu m (2017 est.)
Natural gas - imports	0 cu m (2017 est.)	0 cu m (2017 est.)
Electricity - installed generating capacity	2.573 million kW (2016 est.)	2.613 million kW (2016 est.)
Electricity - from fossil fuels	5% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)	34% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)
Electricity - from hydroelectric plants	93% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)	64% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from nuclear fuels	0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)	0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Electricity - from other renewable sources	2% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)	2% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)
Refined petroleum products - production	13,120 bbl/day (2015 est.)	53,480 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - consumption	23,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)	130,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)
Refined petroleum products - exports	371 bbl/day (2015 est.)	30,340 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Refined petroleum products - imports	10,150 bbl/day (2015 est.)	111,600 bbl/day (2015 est.)
Electricity access	electrification - total population: 37% (2019) electrification - urban areas: 76% (2019) electrification - rural areas: 6% (2019)	electrification - total population: 43% (2019) electrification - urban areas: 61% (2019) electrification - rural areas: 6% (2019)

Telecommunications

	Zambia	Angola
Telephones - main lines in use	total subscriptions: 96,719 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2019 est.)	total subscriptions: 124,726 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2019 est.)
Telephones - mobile cellular	total subscriptions: 17,220,607 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 95.78 (2019 est.)	total subscriptions: 14,830,154 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 47.19 (2019 est.)
Internet country code	.zm	.ao
Internet users	total: 2,351,646 percent of population: 14.3% (July 2018 est.)	total: 4,353,033 percent of population: 14.34% (July 2018 est.)
Telecommunication systems	general assessment: service is among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa; regulator promotes competition and is a partner to private sector service providers, offering mobile voice and Internet at some of the lowest prices in the region; investment made in data centers, education centers, and computer assembly training plants; operators invest in 3G and LTE-based services; Chinese company Huawei is helping to upgrade state-owned mobile infrastructure for 5G services; operators focused on improvements to towers (2020) (2020) domestic: fiber optic connections are available between most larger towns and cities with microwave radio relays serving more rural areas; 3G and LTE with FttX in limited urban areas and private Ku or Ka band VSAT terminals in remote locations; fixed-line 1 per 100 and mobile-cellular 96 per 100 (2019) international: country code - 260; multiple providers operate overland fiber optic routes via Zimbabwe/South Africa, Botswana/Namibia and Tanzania provide access to the major undersea cables note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments	general assessment: Angola's telecom sector shows consistent recovery following political stability, encouraging foreign investment; while the government opened the telecom sector to new competitors, there has been slow progress in LTE network development; only a small proportion of the country is covered by the 3G network infrastructure; Internet and mobile phone penetration remains low, hindered by high costs and poor infrastructure that limits access, especially in rural areas; upgrading telecom will support e-commerce, and rural access to education and health care; AngoSat-2 satellite expected to be ready in 2021; government aims to connect an additional 160,000 people to free Wi-Fi; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021) (2020) domestic: only about one fixed-line per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity about 47 telephones per 100 persons (2019) international: country code - 244; landing points for the SAT-3/WASC, WACS, ACE and SACS fiber-optic submarine cable that provides connectivity to other countries in west Africa, Brazil, Europe and Asia; satellite earth stations - 29, Angosat-2 satellite expected by 2021 (2019) note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments
Broadband - fixed subscriptions	total: 88,891 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2018 est.)	total: 119,068 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2018 est.)
Broadcast media	according to the Independent Broadcast Authority, there are 137 radio stations and 47 television stations in Zambia; out of the 137 radio stations, 133 are private (categorized as either commercial or community radio stations), while 4 are public-owned; state-owned Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) operates 2 television channels and 3 radio stations; ZNBC owns 75% shares in GoTV, 40% in MultiChoice, and 40% in TopStar Communications Company, all of which operate in-country (2019)	state controls all broadcast media with nationwide reach; state-owned Televisao Popular de Angola (TPA) provides terrestrial TV service on 2 channels; a third TPA channel is available via cable and satellite; TV subscription services are available; state-owned Radio Nacional de Angola (RNA) broadcasts on 5 stations; about a half-dozen private radio stations broadcast locally

Transportation

	Zambia	Angola
Railways	total: 3,126 km (2014) narrow gauge: 3,126 km 1.067-m gauge (2014) note: includes 1,860 km of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority (TAZARA)	total: 2,852 km (2014) narrow gauge: 2,729 km 1.067-m gauge (2014) 123 km 0.600-m gauge
Roadways	total: 67,671 km (2018) paved: 14,888 km (2018) unpaved: 52,783 km (2018)	total: 26,000 km (2018) paved: 13,600 km (2018) unpaved: 12,400 km (2018)
Waterways	2,250 km (includes Lake Tanganyika and the Zambezi and Luapula Rivers) (2010)	1,300 km (2011)
Pipelines	771 km oil (2013)	352 km gas, 85 km liquid petroleum gas, 1065 km oil, 5 km oil/gas/water (2013)
Ports and terminals	river port(s): Mpulungu (Zambezi)	major seaport(s): Cabinda, Lobito, Luanda, Namibe LNG terminal(s) (export): Angola Soyo
Merchant marine	total: 1 by type: other 1 (2019)	total: 54 by type: general cargo 14, oil tanker 8, other 32 (2020)
Airports	total: 88 (2013)	total: 102 (2020)
Airports - with paved runways	total: 8 (2013) over 3,047 m: 1 (2013) 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 (2013) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 (2013) 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2013)	total: 32 (2020) over 3,047 m: 8 2,438 to 3,047 m: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 6
Airports - with unpaved runways	total: 80 (2013) 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2013) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 (2013) 914 to 1,523 m: 53 (2013) under 914 m: 21 (2013)	total: 70 (2020) over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 17 914 to 1,523 m: 27 under 914 m: 22
National air transport system	number of registered air carriers: 3 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 6 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 8,904 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 75.08 million mt-km (2018)	number of registered air carriers: 10 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 55 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 1,516,628 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 78.16 million mt-km (2018)
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix	9J	D2

Military

	Zambia	Angola
Military branches	Zambia Defense Force (ZDF): Zambia Army, Zambia Air Force, Zambia National Service (support organization that also does public work projects); Defense Force Medical Service; the Zambia Police includes a paramilitary battalion (2021)	Angolan Armed Forces (Forcas Armadas Angolanas, FAA): Army, Navy (Marinha de Guerra Angola, MGA), Angolan National Air Force (Forca Aerea Nacional Angolana, FANA; under operational control of the Army); Rapid Reaction Police (paramilitary) (2021)
Military service age and obligation	18-25 years of age for male and female voluntary military service (16 with parental consent); no conscription; 12-year enlistment period (7 years active, 5 in the Reserves) (2019)	20-45 years of age for compulsory male and 18-45 years for voluntary male military service (registration at age 18 is mandatory); 20-45 years of age for voluntary female service; 2-year conscript service obligation; Angolan citizenship required; the Navy (MGA) is entirely staffed with volunteers (2019)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP	1.2% of GDP (2019) 1.3% of GDP (2018) 1.3% of GDP (2017) 1.5% of GDP (2016) 1.7% of GDP (2015)	1.7% of GDP (2019) 1.8% of GDP (2018) 2.4% of GDP (2017) 3% of GDP (2016) 3.5% of GDP (2015)
Military and security service personnel strengths	the Zambia Defense Force (ZDF) has approximately 16,500 active troops (15,000 Army; 1,500 Air) (2020)	the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) are comprised of approximately 107,000 active troops (100,000 Army; 1,000 Navy; 6,000 Air Force); est. 10,000 Rapid Reaction Police (2020)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions	the ZDF's inventory is largely comprised of Chinese, Russian, and Soviet-era armaments, with a small mix of Israeli, South African, and US equipment; since 2010, China is the leading supplier of arms to Zambia (2020)	most Angolan military weapons and equipment are of Russian, Soviet, or Warsaw Pact origin; since 2010, Russia has remained the principle supplier of military hardware to Angola (2020)

Transnational Issues

	Zambia	Angola
Disputes - international	in 2004, Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly delimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river	Democratic Republic of Congo accuses Angola of shifting monuments
Illicit drugs	transshipment point for moderate amounts of methaqualone, small amounts of heroin, and cocaine bound for southern Africa and possibly Europe; a poorly developed financial infrastructure coupled with a government commitment to combating money laundering make it an unattractive venue for money launderers; major consumer of cannabis	used as a transshipment point for cocaine destined for Western Europe and other African states, particularly South Africa
Refugees and internally displaced persons	refugees (country of origin): 61,570 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers), 7,964 (Burundi) (refugees and asylum seekers) (2021)	refugees (country of origin): 37,434 (Democratic Republic of the Congo) (refugees and asylum seekers), 9,274 (Guinea), 6,357 (Cote d'Ivoire), 5,725 (Mauritania) (2021)

Environment

	Zambia	Angola
Air pollutants	particulate matter emissions: 24.7 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 5.14 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 14.1 megatons (2020 est.)	particulate matter emissions: 27.95 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 34.69 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 23.28 megatons (2020 est.)
Total water withdrawal	municipal: 290 million cubic meters (2017 est.) industrial: 130 million cubic meters (2017 est.) agricultural: 1.152 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)	municipal: 319.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.) industrial: 239.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.) agricultural: 146.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)
Revenue from forest resources	forest revenues: 4.45% of GDP (2018 est.)	forest revenues: 0.36% of GDP (2018 est.)
Revenue from coal	coal revenues: 0.04% of GDP (2018 est.)	coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.)
Waste and recycling	municipal solid waste generated annually: 2,608,268 tons (2002 est.)	municipal solid waste generated annually: 4,213,644 tons (2012 est.)

Source: CIA Factbook