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Poland vs. Russia

Economy

PolandRussia
Economy - overview

Poland has the sixth-largest economy in the EU and has long had a reputation as a business-friendly country with largely sound macroeconomic policies. Since 1990, Poland has pursued a policy of economic liberalization. During the 2008-09 economic slowdown Poland was the only EU country to avoid a recession, in part because of the government's loose fiscal policy combined with a commitment to rein in spending in the medium-term Poland is the largest recipient of EU development funds and their cyclical allocation can significantly impact the rate of economic growth.

The Polish economy performed well during the 2014-17 period, with the real GDP growth rate generally exceeding 3%, in part because of increases in government social spending that have helped to accelerate consumer-driven growth. However, since 2015, Poland has implemented new business restrictions and taxes on foreign-dominated economic sectors, including banking and insurance, energy, and healthcare, that have dampened investor sentiment and has increased the government's ownership of some firms. The government reduced the retirement age in 2016 and has had mixed success in introducing new taxes and boosting tax compliance to offset the increased costs of social spending programs and relieve upward pressure on the budget deficit. Some credit ratings agencies estimate that Poland during the next few years is at risk of exceeding the EU's 3%-of-GDP limit on budget deficits, possibly impacting its access to future EU funds. Poland's economy is projected to perform well in the next few years in part because of an anticipated cyclical increase in the use of its EU development funds and continued, robust household spending.

Poland faces several systemic challenges, which include addressing some of the remaining deficiencies in its road and rail infrastructure, business environment, rigid labor code, commercial court system, government red tape, and burdensome tax system, especially for entrepreneurs. Additional long-term challenges include diversifying Poland's energy mix, strengthening investments in innovation, research, and development, as well as stemming the outflow of educated young Poles to other EU member states, especially in light of a coming demographic contraction due to emigration, persistently low fertility rates, and the aging of the Solidarity-era baby boom generation.

Russia has undergone significant changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, moving from a centrally planned economy towards a more market-based system. Both economic growth and reform have stalled in recent years, however, and Russia remains a predominantly statist economy with a high concentration of wealth in officials' hands. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable exceptions in the energy, transportation, banking, and defense-related sectors. The protection of property rights is still weak, and the state continues to interfere in the free operation of the private sector.

Russia is one of the world's leading producers of oil and natural gas, and is also a top exporter of metals such as steel and primary aluminum. Russia is heavily dependent on the movement of world commodity prices as reliance on commodity exports makes it vulnerable to boom and bust cycles that follow the volatile swings in global prices. The economy, which had averaged 7% growth during the 1998-2008 period as oil prices rose rapidly, has seen diminishing growth rates since then due to the exhaustion of Russia's commodity-based growth model.

A combination of falling oil prices, international sanctions, and structural limitations pushed Russia into a deep recession in 2015, with GDP falling by close to 2.8%. The downturn continued through 2016, with GDP contracting another 0.2%, but was reversed in 2017 as world demand picked up. Government support for import substitution has increased recently in an effort to diversify the economy away from extractive industries.

GDP (purchasing power parity)$1,261,433,000,000 (2019 est.)

$1,206,640,000,000 (2018 est.)

$1,145,323,000,000 (2017 est.)

note: data are in 2010 dollars
$3,968,180,000,000 (2019 est.)

$3,915,637,000,000 (2018 est.)

$3,818,780,000,000 (2017 est.)

note: data are in 2010 dollars
GDP - real growth rate4.55% (2019 est.)

5.36% (2018 est.)

4.83% (2017 est.)
1.34% (2019 est.)

2.54% (2018 est.)

1.83% (2017 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP)$33,221 (2019 est.)

$31,775 (2018 est.)

$30,160 (2017 est.)

note: data are in 2010 dollars
$27,044 (2019 est.)

$26,668 (2018 est.)

$26,006 (2017 est.)

note: data are in 2010 dollars
GDP - composition by sectoragriculture: 2.4% (2017 est.)

industry: 40.2% (2017 est.)

services: 57.4% (2017 est.)
agriculture: 4.7% (2017 est.)

industry: 32.4% (2017 est.)

services: 62.3% (2017 est.)
Population below poverty line15.4% (2018 est.)12.6% (2018 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage sharelowest 10%: 3%

highest 10%: 23.9% (2015 est.)
lowest 10%: 2.3%

highest 10%: 32.2% (2012 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)2.1% (2019 est.)

1.7% (2018 est.)

2% (2017 est.)
4.4% (2019 est.)

2.8% (2018 est.)

3.7% (2017 est.)
Labor force9.561 million (2020 est.)69.923 million (2020 est.)
Labor force - by occupationagriculture: 11.5%

industry: 30.4%

services: 57.6% (2015)
agriculture: 9.4%

industry: 27.6%

services: 63% (2016 est.)
Unemployment rate5.43% (2019 est.)

6.08% (2018 est.)
4.6% (2019 est.)

4.8% (2018 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index29.7 (2017 est.)

33.7 (2008)
37.5 (2018 est.)

41.9 (2013)
Budgetrevenues: 207.5 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 216.2 billion (2017 est.)
revenues: 258.6 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures: 281.4 billion (2017 est.)
Industriesmachine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textilescomplete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries (including radar, missile production, advanced electronic components), shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts
Industrial production growth rate7.5% (2017 est.)-1% (2017 est.)
Agriculture - productsmilk, sugar beet, wheat, potatoes, triticale, maize, barley, apples, mixed grains, ryewheat, sugar beet, milk, potatoes, barley, sunflower seed, maize, poultry, oats, soybeans
Exports$394.848 billion (2019 est.)

$375.525 billion (2018 est.)

$351.125 billion (2017 est.)
$551.128 billion (2019 est.)

$564.314 billion (2018 est.)

$534.657 billion (2017 est.)
Exports - commoditiescars and vehicle parts, seats, furniture, computers, video displays (2019)crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, coal, wheat, iron (2019)
Exports - partnersGermany 27%, Czechia 6%, United Kingdom 6%, France 6%, Italy 5% (2019)China 14%, Netherlands 10%, Belarus 5%, Germany 5% (2019)
Imports$364.993 billion (2019 est.)

$353.423 billion (2018 est.)

$328.919 billion (2017 est.)
$366.919 billion (2019 est.)

$355.022 billion (2018 est.)

$345.926 billion (2017 est.)
Imports - commoditiescars and vehicle parts, crude petroleum,  packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, office machinery/parts (2019)cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, aircraft, computers (2019)
Imports - partnersGermany 25%, China 10%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 5% (2019)China 20%, Germany 13%, Belarus 6% (2019)
Debt - external$351.77 billion (2019 est.)

$373.721 billion (2018 est.)
$479.844 billion (2019 est.)

$484.355 billion (2018 est.)
Exchange rateszlotych (PLN) per US dollar -

3.6684 (2020 est.)

3.8697 (2019 est.)

3.76615 (2018 est.)

3.7721 (2014 est.)

3.1538 (2013 est.)
Russian rubles (RUB) per US dollar -

73.7569 (2020 est.)

63.66754 (2019 est.)

66.2 (2018 est.)

60.938 (2014 est.)

38.378 (2013 est.)
Fiscal yearcalendar yearcalendar year
Public debt50.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

54.2% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, the data include subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
15.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

16.1% of GDP (2016 est.)

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold$113.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$114.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
$432.7 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

$377.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Current Account Balance$2.92 billion (2019 est.)

-$7.52 billion (2018 est.)
$65.311 billion (2019 est.)

$115.68 billion (2018 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate)$595.72 billion (2019 est.)$1,702,361,000,000 (2019 est.)
Credit ratingsFitch rating: A- (2007)

Moody's rating: A2 (2002)

Standard & Poors rating: A- (2018)
Fitch rating: BBB (2019)

Moody's rating: Baa3 (2019)

Standard & Poors rating: BBB- (2018)
Ease of Doing Business Index scoresOverall score: 76.4 (2020)

Starting a Business score: 82.9 (2020)

Trading score: 100 (2020)

Enforcement score: 64.4 (2020)
Overall score: 78.2 (2020)

Starting a Business score: 93.1 (2020)

Trading score: 71.8 (2020)

Enforcement score: 72.2 (2020)
Taxes and other revenues39.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)16.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)-1.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.)-1.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24total: 9.9%

male: 9.6%

female: 10.3% (2019 est.)
total: 15.2%

male: 14.8%

female: 15.6% (2019 est.)
GDP - composition, by end usehousehold consumption: 58.6% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 17.7% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 17.7% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 2% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 54% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -49.9% (2017 est.)
household consumption: 52.4% (2017 est.)

government consumption: 18% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital: 21.6% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories: 2.3% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services: 26.2% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services: -20.6% (2017 est.)
Gross national saving20.1% of GDP (2019 est.)

19.4% of GDP (2018 est.)

19.5% of GDP (2017 est.)
27.6% of GDP (2019 est.)

30% of GDP (2018 est.)

25.7% of GDP (2017 est.)

Source: CIA Factbook