Indonesia vs. Papua New Guinea
Introduction
| Indonesia | Papua New Guinea | |
|---|---|---|
| Background | The archipelago gradually adopted Islam between the 13th and 16th centuries. The Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th century; Japan occupied the islands from 1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence shortly before Japan's surrender, but it required four years of sometimes brutal fighting, intermittent negotiations, and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty in 1949. A period of sometimes unruly parliamentary democracy ended in 1957 when President SOEKARNO declared martial law and instituted "Guided Democracy." After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1998, President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his "New Order" government. After street protests toppled SUHARTO in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999. Indonesia is now the world's third most populous democracy, the world's largest archipelagic state, and the world's largest Muslim-majority nation. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and financial reforms, stemming corruption, reforming the criminal justice system, addressing climate change, and controlling infectious diseases, particularly those of global and regional importance. In 2005, Indonesia reached a historic peace agreement with armed separatists in Aceh, which led to democratic elections in Aceh in December 2006. Indonesia continues to face low intensity armed resistance in Papua by the separatist Free Papua Movement. | The eastern half of the island of New Guinea - second largest in the world - was divided between Germany (north) and the UK (south) in 1885. The latter area was transferred to Australia in 1902, which occupied the northern portion during World War I and continued to administer the combined areas until independence in 1975. A nine-year secessionist revolt on the island of Bougainville ended in 1997 after claiming some 20,000 lives. Since 2001, Bougainville has experienced autonomy; a referendum asking the population if they would like independence or greater self rule occurred in November 2019, with almost 98% of voters choosing independence. |
Geography
| Indonesia | Papua New Guinea | |
|---|---|---|
| Location | Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean | Oceania, group of islands including the eastern half of the island of New Guinea between the Coral Sea and the South Pacific Ocean, east of Indonesia |
| Geographic coordinates | 5 00 S, 120 00 E | 6 00 S, 147 00 E |
| Map references | Southeast Asia | Oceania |
| Area | total: 1,904,569 sq km land: 1,811,569 sq km water: 93,000 sq km | total: 462,840 sq km land: 452,860 sq km water: 9,980 sq km |
| Area - comparative | slightly less than three times the size of Texas | slightly larger than California |
| Land boundaries | total: 2,958 km border countries (3): Malaysia 1881 km, Papua New Guinea 824 km, Timor-Leste 253 km | total: 824 km border countries (1): Indonesia 824 km |
| Coastline | 54,716 km | 5,152 km |
| Maritime claims | territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines | territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm measured from claimed archipelagic baselines |
| Climate | tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands | tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation |
| Terrain | mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains | mostly mountains with coastal lowlands and rolling foothills |
| Elevation extremes | highest point: Puncak Jaya 4,884 m lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m mean elevation: 367 m | highest point: Mount Wilhelm 4,509 m lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m mean elevation: 667 m |
| Natural resources | petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver | gold, copper, silver, natural gas, timber, oil, fisheries |
| Land use | agricultural land: 31.2% (2018 est.) arable land: 13% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 12.1% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 6.1% (2018 est.) forest: 51.7% (2018 est.) other: 17.1% (2018 est.) | agricultural land: 2.6% (2018 est.) arable land: 0.7% (2018 est.) permanent crops: 1.5% (2018 est.) permanent pasture: 0.4% (2018 est.) forest: 63.1% (2018 est.) other: 34.3% (2018 est.) |
| Irrigated land | 67,220 sq km (2012) | 0 sq km (2012) |
| Natural hazards | occasional floods; severe droughts; tsunamis; earthquakes; volcanoes; forest fires volcanism: Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active; significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; on 22 December 2018, a large explosion and flank collapse destroyed most of the 338 m high island of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) and generated a deadly tsunami inundating portions of western Java and southern Sumatra leaving more than 400 dead; other notable historically active volcanoes include Agung, Awu, Karangetang, Krakatau (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, Sinabung, and Tambora; see note 2 under "Geography - note" | active volcanism; the country is subject to frequent and sometimes severe earthquakes; mud slides; tsunamis volcanism: severe volcanic activity; Ulawun (2,334 m), one of Papua New Guinea's potentially most dangerous volcanoes, has been deemed a Decade Volcano by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Rabaul (688 m) destroyed the city of Rabaul in 1937 and 1994; Lamington erupted in 1951 killing 3,000 people; Manam's 2004 eruption forced the island's abandonment; other historically active volcanoes include Bam, Bagana, Garbuna, Karkar, Langila, Lolobau, Long Island, Pago, St. Andrew Strait, Victory, and Waiowa; see note 2 under "Geography - note" |
| Environment - current issues | large-scale deforestation (much of it illegal) and related wildfires cause heavy smog; over-exploitation of marine resources; environmental problems associated with rapid urbanization and economic development, including air pollution, traffic congestion, garbage management, and reliable water and waste water services; water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage | rain forest loss as a result of growing commercial demand for tropical timber; unsustainable logging practices result in soil erosion, water quality degredation, and loss of habitat and biodiversity; large-scale mining projects cause adverse impacts on forests and water quality (discharge of heavy metals, cyanide, and acids into rivers); severe drought; inappropriate farming practices accelerate land degradion (soil erosion, siltation, loss of soil fertility); destructive fishing practices and coastal pollution due to run-off from land-based activities and oil spills |
| Environment - international agreements | party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation | party to: Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban |
| Geography - note | note 1: according to Indonesia's National Coordinating Agency for Survey and Mapping, the total number of islands in the archipelago is 13,466, of which 922 are permanently inhabited (Indonesia is the world's largest country comprised solely of islands); the country straddles the equator and occupies a strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from the Indian Ocean to the Pacific Ocean note 2: Indonesia is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire; 80% of tsunamis, caused by volcanic or seismic events, occur within the "Pacific Ring of Fire" note 3: despite having the fourth largest population in the world, Indonesia is the most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon | note 1: shares island of New Guinea with Indonesia; generally east-west trending highlands break up New Guinea into diverse ecoregions; one of world's largest swamps along southwest coast note 3: Papua New Guinea is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire |
| Total renewable water resources | 2,018,700,000,000 cubic meters (2017 est.) | 801 billion cubic meters (2017 est.) |
| Population distribution | major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most densely populated places on earth; of the outer islands (those surrounding Java and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most significant clusters, particularly in the south near the Selat Sunda, and along the northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated | population concentrated in the highlands and eastern coastal areas on the island of New Guinea; predominantly a rural distribution with only about one-fifth of the population residing in urban areas |
Demographics
| Indonesia | Papua New Guinea | |
|---|---|---|
| Population | 275,122,131 (July 2021 est.) | 7,399,757 (July 2021 est.) |
| Age structure | 0-14 years: 23.87% (male 32,473,246/female 31,264,034) 15-24 years: 16.76% (male 22,786,920/female 21,960,130) 25-54 years: 42.56% (male 58,249,570/female 55,409,579) 55-64 years: 8.99% (male 11,033,838/female 12,968,005) 65 years and over: 7.82% (male 9,099,773/female 11,781,271) (2020 est.) | 0-14 years: 31.98% (male 1,182,539/female 1,139,358) 15-24 years: 19.87% (male 731,453/female 711,164) 25-54 years: 37.68% (male 1,397,903/female 1,337,143) 55-64 years: 5.83% (male 218,529/female 204,717) 65 years and over: 4.64% (male 164,734/female 171,916) (2020 est.) |
| Median age | total: 31.1 years male: 30.5 years female: 31.8 years (2020 est.) | total: 24 years male: 24 years female: 24 years (2020 est.) |
| Population growth rate | 0.81% (2021 est.) | 1.61% (2021 est.) |
| Birth rate | 15.59 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) | 22.08 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
| Death rate | 6.74 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) | 5.97 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
| Net migration rate | -0.72 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) | 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) |
| Sex ratio | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 0.85 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2020 est.) | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female 0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 25-54 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 55-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2020 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate | total: 20.16 deaths/1,000 live births male: 22.59 deaths/1,000 live births female: 17.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.) | total: 40.33 deaths/1,000 live births male: 45.32 deaths/1,000 live births female: 35.09 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth | total population: 72.82 years male: 70.62 years female: 75.12 years (2021 est.) | total population: 69.86 years male: 67.37 years female: 72.48 years (2021 est.) |
| Total fertility rate | 2.04 children born/woman (2021 est.) | 2.79 children born/woman (2021 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate | 0.4% (2020 est.) | 0.9% (2020 est.) |
| Nationality | noun: Indonesian(s) adjective: Indonesian | noun: Papua New Guinean(s) adjective: Papua New Guinean |
| Ethnic groups | Javanese 40.1%, Sundanese 15.5%, Malay 3.7%, Batak 3.6%, Madurese 3%, Betawi 2.9%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Buginese 2.7%, Bantenese 2%, Banjarese 1.7%, Balinese 1.7%, Acehnese 1.4%, Dayak 1.4%, Sasak 1.3%, Chinese 1.2%, other 15% (2010 est.) | Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS | 540,000 (2020 est.) | 55,000 (2020 est.) note: estimate does not include children |
| Religions | Muslim 87.2%, Protestant 7%, Roman Catholic 2.9%, Hindu 1.7%, other 0.9% (includes Buddhist and Confucian), unspecified 0.4% (2010 est.) | Protestant 64.3% (Evangelical Lutheran 18.4%, Seventh Day Adventist 12.9%, Pentecostal 10.4%, United Church 10.3%, Evangelical Alliance 5.9%, Anglican 3.2%, Baptist 2.8%, Salvation Army .4%), Roman Catholic 26%, other Christian 5.3%, non-Christian 1.4%, unspecified 3.1% (2011 est.) note: data represent only the citizen population; roughly .3% of the population are non-citizens, consisting of Christian 52% (predominantly Roman Catholic), other 10.7% , none 37.3% |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths | 24,000 (2020 est.) | <500 (2020 est.) note: estimate does not include children |
| Languages | Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects (of which the most widely spoken is Javanese); note - more than 700 languages are used in Indonesia major-language sample(s): Fakta Dunia, sumber informasi dasar yang sangat diperlukan. (Indonesian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information. | Tok Pisin (official), English (official), Hiri Motu (official), some 839 indigenous languages spoken (about 12% of the world's total); many languages have fewer than 1,000 speakers note: Tok Pisin, a creole language, is widely used and understood; English is spoken by 1%-2%; Hiri Motu is spoken by less than 2% |
| Literacy | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 95.7% male: 97.3% female: 94% (2018) | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 64.2% male: 65.6% female: 62.8% (2015) |
| Major infectious diseases | degree of risk: very high (2020) food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria note: a new coronavirus is causing sustained community spread of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Indonesia; as of 19 July 2021, Indonesia has reported a total of 2,950,058 cases of COVID-19 or 1,078.54 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with 27.86 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 19 July 2021, 15.39% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine | degree of risk: very high (2020) food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria |
| Education expenditures | 3.6% of GDP (2015) | 1.9% of GDP (2018) |
| Urbanization | urban population: 57.3% of total population (2021) rate of urbanization: 1.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) | urban population: 13.5% of total population (2021) rate of urbanization: 2.91% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.) |
| Drinking water source | improved: urban: 96.6% of population rural: 83.7% of population total: 90.8% of population unimproved: urban: 3.4% of population rural: 16.3% of population total: 9.2% of population (2017 est.) | improved: urban: 89.4% of population rural: 36.1% of population total: 43% of population unimproved: urban: 10.6% of population rural: 63.9% of population total: 57% of population (2017 est.) |
| Sanitation facility access | improved: urban: 92.5% of population rural: 76.8% of population total: 85.4% of population unimproved: urban: 7.5% of population rural: 23.2% of population total: 14.6% of population (2017 est.) | improved: urban: 55.5% of population rural: 9.1% of population total: 15.2% of population unimproved: urban: 44.5% of population rural: 90.9% of population total: 84.8% of population (2017 est.) |
| Major cities - population | 10.915 million JAKARTA (capital), 3.510 million Bekasi, 2.972 million Surabaya, 2.607 million Bandung, 2.397 million Tangerang, 2.368 million Medan (2021) | 391,000 PORT MORESBY (capital) (2021) |
| Maternal mortality rate | 177 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.) | 145 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.) |
| Children under the age of 5 years underweight | 17.7% (2018) | 27.8% (2009/11) |
| Health expenditures | 2.9% (2018) | 2.4% (2018) |
| Physicians density | 0.43 physicians/1,000 population (2018) | 0.07 physicians/1,000 population (2018) |
| Obesity - adult prevalence rate | 6.9% (2016) | 21.3% (2016) |
| Mother's mean age at first birth | 22.4 years (2017 est.) note: median age at first birth among women 25-49 | note: median age a first birth among women 25-49 |
| Contraceptive prevalence rate | 55.5% (2018) | 36.7% (2016/18) |
| Dependency ratios | total dependency ratio: 47.5 youth dependency ratio: 38.3 elderly dependency ratio: 9.2 potential support ratio: 10.8 (2020 est.) | total dependency ratio: 63.2 youth dependency ratio: 57.4 elderly dependency ratio: 5.8 potential support ratio: 17.2 (2020 est.) |
Government
| Indonesia | Papua New Guinea | |
|---|---|---|
| Country name | conventional long form: Republic of Indonesia conventional short form: Indonesia local long form: Republik Indonesia local short form: Indonesia former: Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies etymology: the name is an 18th-century construct of two Greek words, "Indos" (India) and "nesoi" (islands), meaning "Indian islands" | conventional long form: Independent State of Papua New Guinea conventional short form: Papua New Guinea local short form: Papuaniugini former: Territory of Papua and New Guinea abbreviation: PNG etymology: the word "papua" derives from the Malay "papuah" describing the frizzy hair of the Melanesians; Spanish explorer Ynigo ORTIZ de RETEZ applied the term "Nueva Guinea" to the island of New Guinea in 1545 after noting the resemblance of the locals to the peoples of the Guinea coast of Africa |
| Government type | presidential republic | parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm |
| Capital | name: Jakarta geographic coordinates: 6 10 S, 106 49 E time difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) note: Indonesia has three time zones etymology: "Jakarta" derives from the Sanscrit "Jayakarta" meaning "victorious city" and refers to a successful defeat and expulsion of the Portuguese in 1527; previously the port had been named "Sunda Kelapa" | name: Port Moresby geographic coordinates: 9 27 S, 147 11 E time difference: UTC+10 (15 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) note: Papua New Guinea has two time zones, including Bougainville (UTC+11) etymology: named in 1873 by Captain John Moresby (1830-1922) in honor of his father, British Admiral Sir Fairfax Moresby (1786-1877) |
| Administrative divisions | 31 provinces (provinsi-provinsi, singular - provinsi), 1 autonomous province*, 1 special region** (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 national capital district*** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta***, Jambi, Jawa Barat (West Java), Jawa Tengah (Central Java), Jawa Timur (East Java), Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan), Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan), Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan), Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan), Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan), Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands), Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands), Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara (North Maluku), Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara), Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara), Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua), Riau, Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi), Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi), Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi), Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi), Sumatera Barat (West Sumatra), Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra), Sumatera Utara (North Sumatra), Yogyakarta** note: following the implementation of decentralization beginning on 1 January 2001, regencies and municipalities have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services | 20 provinces, 1 autonomous region*, and 1 district**; Bougainville*, Central, Chimbu, Eastern Highlands, East New Britain, East Sepik, Enga, Gulf, Hela, Jiwaka, Madang, Manus, Milne Bay, Morobe, National Capital**, New Ireland, Northern, Southern Highlands, Western, Western Highlands, West New Britain, West Sepik |
| Independence | 17 August 1945 (declared independence from the Netherlands) | 16 September 1975 (from the Australia-administered UN trusteeship) |
| National holiday | Independence Day, 17 August (1945) | Independence Day, 16 September (1975) |
| Constitution | history: drafted July to August 1945, effective 18 August 1945, abrogated by 1949 and 1950 constitutions; 1945 constitution restored 5 July 1959 amendments: proposed by the People's Consultative Assembly, with at least two thirds of its members present; passage requires simple majority vote by the Assembly membership; constitutional articles on the unitary form of the state cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2002 | history: adopted 15 August 1975, effective at independence 16 September 1975 amendments: proposed by the National Parliament; passage has prescribed majority vote requirements depending on the constitutional sections being amended - absolute majority, two-thirds majority, or three-fourths majority; amended many times, last in 2016 |
| Legal system | civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch model and influenced by customary law | mixed legal system of English common law and customary law |
| Suffrage | 17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age | 18 years of age; universal |
| Executive branch | chief of state: President Joko WIDODO (since 20 October 2014, reelected 17 April 2019, inauguration 19 October 2019); Vice President Ma'ruf AMIN (since 20 October 2019); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government (2019) head of government: President Joko WIDODO (since 20 October 2014); Vice President Ma'ruf AMIN (since 20 October 2019) (2019) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 17 April 2019 (next election 2024) election results: Joko WIDODO elected president; percent of vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) 55.5%, PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo (GERINDRA) 44.5% | chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor General Grand Chief Sir Bob DADAE (since 28 February 2017) head of government: Prime Minister James MARAPE (since 30 May 2019); Deputy Prime Minister Charles ABEL (since 4 August 2017) cabinet: National Executive Council appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of the prime minister elections/appointments: the monarchy is hereditary; governor general nominated by the National Parliament and appointed by the chief of state; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the governor general pending the outcome of a National Parliament vote election results: Peter Paire O'NEILL (PNC) reelected prime minister; National Parliament vote - 60 to 46 |
| Legislative branch | description: bicameral People's Consultative Assembly or Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat consists of: Regional Representative Council or Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (136 seats; non-partisan members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies - 4 each from the country's 34 electoral districts - by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms); note - the Regional Representative Council has no legislative authority House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (575 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by single non-transferable vote to serve 5-year terms) (2019) elections: Regional Representative Council - last held 17 April 2019 (next to be held 2024) House of Representatives - last held on 17 April 2019 (next to be held 2024) (2019) election results: Regional Representative Council - all seats elected on a non-partisan basis; compostion - NA House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDI-P 19.3%, Gerindra 12.6%, Golkar 12.3%, PKB 9.7%, Nasdem 9.1%, PKS 8.2%, PD 7.8%, PAN 6.8%, PPP 4.5%, other 9.6%; seats by party - PDI-P 128, Golkar 85, Gerindra 78, Nasdem 59, PKB 58, PD 54, PKS 50, PAN 44, PPP 19; composition - men 475, women 100, percent of women 17.9%; total People's Consultative Assembly percent of women NA (2019) | description: unicameral National Parliament (111 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies - 89 local, 20 provinicial, the autonomous province of Bouganville, and the National Capital District - by majority preferential vote; members serve 5-year terms); note - the constitution allows up to 126 seats elections: last held from 24 June 2017 to 8 July 2017 (next to be held in June 2022) election results: percent of vote by party - PNC 37%; NA 13%; Pangu 14%; URP 11%; PPP 4%; SDP 4%; Independents 3%; and smaller parties 14%; seats by party - NA; composition - men 108, women 3, percent of women 3% |
| Judicial branch | highest courts: Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (51 judges divided into 8 chambers); Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (consists of 9 judges) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges nominated by Judicial Commission, appointed by president with concurrence of parliament; judges serve until retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 3 nominated by president, 3 by Supreme Court, and 3 by parliament; judges appointed by the president; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 70 subordinate courts: High Courts of Appeal, district courts, religious courts | highest courts: Supreme Court (consists of the chief justice, deputy chief justice, 35 justices, and 5 acting justices); National Courts (consists of 13 courts located in the provincial capitals, with a total of 19 resident judges) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court chief justice appointed by the governor general upon advice of the National Executive Council (cabinet) after consultation with the National Justice Administration minister; deputy chief justice and other justices appointed by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission, a 5-member body that includes the Supreme Court chief and deputy chief justices, the chief ombudsman, and a member of the National Parliament; full-time citizen judges appointed for 10-year renewable terms; non-citizen judges initially appointed for 3-year renewable terms and after first renewal can serve until age 70; appointment and tenure of National Court resident judges NA subordinate courts: district, village, and juvenile courts, military courts, taxation courts, coronial courts, mining warden courts, land courts, traffic courts, committal courts, grade five courts |
| Political parties and leaders | Democrat Party or PD [Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO] Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR [Airlangga HARTARTO] Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA [PRABOWO Subianto Djojohadikusumo] Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri] National Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR] National Democratic Party or NasDem [Surya PALOH] National Mandate Party or PAN [Zulkifli HASAN] Party of the Functional Groups or Golkar [Airlangga HARTARTO] People's Conscience Party or HANURA [Oesman Sapta ODANG] Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Muhammad Sohibul IMAN] United Development Party or PPP [Muhammad ROMAHURMUZIY] (2019) | National Alliance Party or NAP [Patrick PRUAITCH] Papua and Niugini Union Party or PANGU [Sam BASIL] Papua New Guinea Party or PNGP [Belden NAMAH] People's National Congress Party or PNC [Peter Paire O'NEILL] People's Party or PP [Peter IPATAS] People's Progress Party or PPP [Sir Julius CHAN] Social Democratic Party or SDP [Powes PARKOP] Triumph Heritage Empowerment Party or THE [Don POLYE] United Resources Party or URP [William DUMA] note: as of 8 July 2017, 45 political parties were registered |
| International organization participation | ADB, APEC, ARF, ASEAN, BIS, CD, CICA (observer), CP, D-8, EAS, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-11, G-15, G-20, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IORA, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, MSG (associate member), NAM, OECD (enhanced engagement), OIC, OPCW, PIF (partner), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO | ACP, ADB, AOSIS, APEC, ARF, ASEAN (observer), C, CD, CP, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
| Diplomatic representation in the US | chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Iwan Freddy Hari SUSANTO, Minister (since 1 April 2021) chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200 FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365 email address and website: http://www.embassyofindonesia.org/ consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco | chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge D'Affaires Cephas KAYO, Minister (since 31 January 2018) chancery: 1825 K Street NW, Suite 1010, Washington, DC 20006 telephone: [1] (202) 745-3680 FAX: [1] (202) 745-3679 email address and website: info@pngembassy.org http://www.pngembassy.org/ |
| Diplomatic representation from the US | chief of mission: Ambassador Sung Y. KIM (since 21 October 2020) embassy: Jl. Medan Merdeka Selatan No. 3-5, Jakarta 10110 mailing address: 8200 Jakarta Place, Washington DC 8200 telephone: [62] (21) 5083-1000 (2020) FAX: [62] (21) 385-7189 (2018) email address and website: jakartaacs@state.gov https://id.usembassy.gov/ consulate(s) general: Surabaya consulate(s): Medan | chief of mission: Ambassador Erin Elizabeth MCKEE (since 27 November 2019); note - also accredited to the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu embassy: P.O. Box 1492, Port Moresby mailing address: 4240 Port Moresby Place, Washington DC 20521-4240 telephone: [675] 308-2100 email address and website: ConsularPortMoresby@state.gov https://pg.usembassy.gov/ |
| Flag description | two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries; red symbolizes courage, white represents purity note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red | divided diagonally from upper hoist-side corner; the upper triangle is red with a soaring yellow bird of paradise centered; the lower triangle is black with five, white, five-pointed stars of the Southern Cross constellation centered; red, black, and yellow are traditional colors of Papua New Guinea; the bird of paradise - endemic to the island of New Guinea - is an emblem of regional tribal culture and represents the emergence of Papua New Guinea as a nation; the Southern Cross, visible in the night sky, symbolizes Papua New Guinea's connection with Australia and several other countries in the South Pacific |
| National anthem | name: "Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia) lyrics/music: Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN note: adopted 1945 | name: O Arise All You Sons lyrics/music: Thomas SHACKLADY note: adopted 1975 |
| International law organization participation | has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt | has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt |
| National symbol(s) | garuda (mythical bird); national colors: red, white | bird of paradise; national colors: red, black |
| Citizenship | citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Indonesia dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 5 continuous years | citizenship by birth: no citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Papua New Guinea dual citizenship recognized: no residency requirement for naturalization: 8 years |
Economy
| Indonesia | Papua New Guinea | |
|---|---|---|
| Economy - overview | Indonesia, the largest economy in Southeast Asia, has seen a slowdown in growth since 2012, mostly due to the end of the commodities export boom. During the global financial crisis, Indonesia outperformed its regional neighbors and joined China and India as the only G20 members posting growth. Indonesia's annual budget deficit is capped at 3% of GDP, and the Government of Indonesia lowered its debt-to-GDP ratio from a peak of 100% shortly after the Asian financial crisis in 1999 to 34% today. In May 2017 Standard & Poor's became the last major ratings agency to upgrade Indonesia's sovereign credit rating to investment grade. Poverty and unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a complex regulatory environment, and unequal resource distribution among its regions are still part of Indonesia's economic landscape. President Joko WIDODO - elected in July 2014 - seeks to develop Indonesia's maritime resources and pursue other infrastructure development, including significantly increasing its electrical power generation capacity. Fuel subsidies were significantly reduced in early 2015, a move which has helped the government redirect its spending to development priorities. Indonesia, with the nine other ASEAN members, will continue to move towards participation in the ASEAN Economic Community, though full implementation of economic integration has not yet materialized. | Papua New Guinea (PNG) is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation has been hampered by rugged terrain, land tenure issues, and the high cost of developing infrastructure. The economy has a small formal sector, focused mainly on the export of those natural resources, and an informal sector, employing the majority of the population. Agriculture provides a subsistence livelihood for 85% of the people. The global financial crisis had little impact because of continued foreign demand for PNG's commodities. Mineral deposits, including copper, gold, and oil, account for nearly two-thirds of export earnings. Natural gas reserves amount to an estimated 155 billion cubic meters. Following construction of a $19 billion liquefied natural gas (LNG) project, PNG LNG, a consortium led by ExxonMobil, began exporting liquefied natural gas to Asian markets in May 2014. The project was delivered on time and only slightly above budget. The success of the project has encouraged other companies to look at similar LNG projects. French supermajor Total is hopes to begin construction on the Papua LNG project by 2020. Due to lower global commodity prices, resource revenues of all types have fallen dramatically. PNG's government has recently been forced to adjust spending levels downward. Numerous challenges still face the government of Peter O'NEILL, including providing physical security for foreign investors, regaining investor confidence, restoring integrity to state institutions, promoting economic efficiency by privatizing moribund state institutions, and maintaining good relations with Australia, its former colonial ruler. Other socio-cultural challenges could upend the economy including chronic law and order and land tenure issues. In August, 2017, PNG launched its first-ever national trade policy, PNG Trade Policy 2017-2032. The policy goal is to maximize trade and investment by increasing exports, to reduce imports, and to increase foreign direct investment (FDI). |
| GDP (purchasing power parity) | $3,196,682,000,000 (2019 est.) $3,043,743,000,000 (2018 est.) $2,894,125,000,000 (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars | $38.218 billion (2019 est.) $36.089 billion (2018 est.) $36.19 billion (2017 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars |
| GDP - real growth rate | 5.03% (2019 est.) 5.17% (2018 est.) 5.07% (2017 est.) | 2.5% (2017 est.) 1.6% (2016 est.) 5.3% (2015 est.) |
| GDP - per capita (PPP) | $11,812 (2019 est.) $11,372 (2018 est.) $10,936 (2017 est.) note: data are in 2010 dollars | $4,355 (2019 est.) $4,193 (2018 est.) $4,289 (2017 est.) note: data are in 2017 dollars |
| GDP - composition by sector | agriculture: 13.7% (2017 est.) industry: 41% (2017 est.) services: 45.4% (2017 est.) | agriculture: 22.1% (2017 est.) industry: 42.9% (2017 est.) services: 35% (2017 est.) |
| Population below poverty line | 9.4% (2019 est.) | 37% (2002 est.) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share | lowest 10%: 3.4% highest 10%: 28.2% (2010) | lowest 10%: 1.7% highest 10%: 40.5% (1996) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 2.8% (2019 est.) 3.2% (2018 est.) 3.8% (2017 est.) | 5.4% (2017 est.) 6.7% (2016 est.) |
| Labor force | 129.366 million (2019 est.) | 3.681 million (2017 est.) |
| Labor force - by occupation | agriculture: 32% industry: 21% services: 47% (2016 est.) | agriculture: 85% industry: NA services: NA |
| Unemployment rate | 5.31% (2018 est.) 5.4% (2017 est.) | 2.5% (2017 est.) 2.5% (2016 est.) |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index | 37.8 (2018 est.) 39.4 (2005) | 50.9 (1996) |
| Budget | revenues: 131.7 billion (2017 est.) expenditures: 159.6 billion (2017 est.) | revenues: 3.638 billion (2017 est.) expenditures: 4.591 billion (2017 est.) |
| Industries | petroleum and natural gas, textiles, automotive, electrical appliances, apparel, footwear, mining, cement, medical instruments and appliances, handicrafts, chemical fertilizers, plywood, rubber, processed food, jewelry, and tourism | copra crushing, palm oil processing, plywood production, wood chip production; mining (gold, silver, copper); crude oil and petroleum products; construction, tourism, livestock (pork, poultry, cattle), dairy products, spice products (turmeric, vanilla, ginger, cardamom, chili, pepper, citronella, and nutmeg), fisheries products |
| Industrial production growth rate | 4.1% (2017 est.) | 3.3% (2017 est.) |
| Agriculture - products | oil palm fruit, rice, maize, sugar cane, coconuts, cassava, bananas, eggs, poultry, rubber | oil palm fruit, bananas, coconuts, fruit, sweet potatoes, game meat, yams, roots/tubers nes, vegetables, taro |
| Exports | $249.628 billion (2019 est.) $251.827 billion (2018 est.) $236.354 billion (2017 est.) | $8.522 billion (2017 est.) $9.224 billion (2016 est.) |
| Exports - commodities | coal, palm oil, natural gas, cars, gold (2019) | natural gas, gold, copper, lumber, crude petroleum, nickel, palm oil, fish, coffee (2019) |
| Exports - partners | China 15%, United States 10%, Japan 9%, Singapore 8%, India 7%, Malaysia 5% (2019) | Australia 26%, China 26%, Japan 22%, Taiwan 7% (2019) |
| Imports | $223.44 billion (2019 est.) $242.046 billion (2018 est.) $216.342 billion (2017 est.) | $1.876 billion (2017 est.) $2.077 billion (2016 est.) |
| Imports - commodities | refined petroleum, crude petroleum, vehicle parts, telephones, natural gas (2019) | refined petroleum, excavation machinery, crude petroleum, foodstuffs, delivery trucks (2019) |
| Imports - partners | China 27%, Singapore 12%, Japan 8%, Thailand 5%, United States 5%, South Korea 5%, Malaysia 5% (2019) | Australia 33%, China 19%, Singapore 14%, Malaysia 9% (2019) |
| Debt - external | $393.252 billion (2019 est.) $360.945 billion (2018 est.) | $17.94 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $18.28 billion (31 December 2016 est.) |
| Exchange rates | Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - 14,110 (2020 est.) 14,015 (2019 est.) 14,470 (2018 est.) 13,389.4 (2014 est.) 11,865.2 (2013 est.) | kina (PGK) per US dollar - 3.5131 (2020 est.) 3.4042 (2019 est.) 3.36915 (2018 est.) 2.7684 (2014 est.) 2.4614 (2013 est.) |
| Fiscal year | calendar year | calendar year |
| Public debt | 28.8% of GDP (2017 est.) 28.3% of GDP (2016 est.) | 36.9% of GDP (2017 est.) 36.9% of GDP (2016 est.) |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold | $130.2 billion (31 December 2017 est.) | $1.735 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $1.656 billion (31 December 2016 est.) |
| Current Account Balance | -$30.359 billion (2019 est.) -$30.633 billion (2018 est.) | $4.859 billion (2017 est.) $4.569 billion (2016 est.) |
| GDP (official exchange rate) | $1,119,720,000,000 (2019 est.) | $19.82 billion (2017 est.) |
| Credit ratings | Fitch rating: BBB (2017) Moody's rating: Baa2 (2018) Standard & Poors rating: BBB (2019) | Moody's rating: B2 (2016) Standard & Poors rating: B- (2020) |
| Ease of Doing Business Index scores | Overall score: 69.6 (2020) Starting a Business score: 81.2 (2020) Trading score: 67.5 (2020) Enforcement score: 49.1 (2020) | Overall score: 59.8 (2020) Starting a Business score: 80.1 (2020) Trading score: 65.8 (2020) Enforcement score: 36.2 (2020) |
| Taxes and other revenues | 13% (of GDP) (2017 est.) | 18.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.) |
| Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) | -2.7% (of GDP) (2017 est.) | -4.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.) |
| Unemployment, youth ages 15-24 | total: 13.5% male: 13.8% female: 13.2% (2019 est.) | total: 3.6% male: 4.3% female: 3% (2010 est.) |
| GDP - composition, by end use | household consumption: 57.3% (2017 est.) government consumption: 9.1% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 32.1% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 0.3% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 20.4% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -19.2% (2017 est.) | household consumption: 43.7% (2017 est.) government consumption: 19.7% (2017 est.) investment in fixed capital: 10% (2017 est.) investment in inventories: 0.4% (2017 est.) exports of goods and services: 49.3% (2017 est.) imports of goods and services: -22.3% (2017 est.) |
| Gross national saving | 31% of GDP (2019 est.) 31.8% of GDP (2018 est.) 30.9% of GDP (2017 est.) | 36.8% of GDP (2017 est.) 38% of GDP (2016 est.) 33.7% of GDP (2015 est.) |
Energy
| Indonesia | Papua New Guinea | |
|---|---|---|
| Electricity - production | 235.4 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 3.481 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - consumption | 213.4 billion kWh (2016 est.) | 3.237 billion kWh (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - exports | 0 kWh (2017 est.) | 0 kWh (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - imports | 693 million kWh (2016 est.) | 0 kWh (2016 est.) |
| Oil - production | 772,000 bbl/day (2018 est.) | 45,000 bbl/day (2018 est.) |
| Oil - imports | 498,500 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 22,220 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Oil - exports | 302,300 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 55,600 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Oil - proved reserves | 3.31 billion bbl (1 January 2018 est.) | 183.8 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.) |
| Natural gas - proved reserves | 2.866 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.) | 210.5 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.) |
| Natural gas - production | 72.09 billion cu m (2017 est.) | 11.18 billion cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - consumption | 42.32 billion cu m (2017 est.) | 99.11 million cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - exports | 29.78 billion cu m (2017 est.) | 11.1 billion cu m (2017 est.) |
| Natural gas - imports | 0 cu m (2017 est.) | 0 cu m (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - installed generating capacity | 61.43 million kW (2016 est.) | 900,900 kW (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - from fossil fuels | 85% of total installed capacity (2016 est.) | 63% of total installed capacity (2016 est.) |
| Electricity - from hydroelectric plants | 9% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 30% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - from nuclear fuels | 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Electricity - from other renewable sources | 6% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) | 7% of total installed capacity (2017 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - production | 950,000 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 22,170 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - consumption | 1.601 million bbl/day (2016 est.) | 37,000 bbl/day (2016 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - exports | 79,930 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 0 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Refined petroleum products - imports | 591,500 bbl/day (2015 est.) | 17,110 bbl/day (2015 est.) |
| Electricity access | electrification - total population: 99% (2019) electrification - urban areas: 100% (2019) electrification - rural areas: 99% (2019) | electrification - total population: 58.9% (2018) electrification - urban areas: 82% (2018) electrification - rural areas: 55.4% (2018) |
Telecommunications
| Indonesia | Papua New Guinea | |
|---|---|---|
| Telephones - main lines in use | total subscriptions: 9,662,135 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3.57 (2019 est.) | total subscriptions: 133,593 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 1.87 (2019 est.) |
| Telephones - mobile cellular | total subscriptions: 341,277,549 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 126.15 (2019 est.) | total subscriptions: 3,401,971 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 47.62 (2019 est.) |
| Internet country code | .id | .pg |
| Internet users | total: 104,563,108 percent of population: 39.79% (July 2018 est.) | total: 787,764 percent of population: 11.21% (July 2018 est.) |
| Telecommunication systems | general assessment: with large population, disbursed island geography, and slow economic growth, Indonesia's telecom sector is based on 3G/LTE mobile infrastructure and inadequate fixed-line capacity; market is attracting foreign investment, especially in data center and cloud based services; tests of 5G challenged by lack of spectrum; satellite improvements in 2020 (2021) (2020)domestic: fixed-line 4 per 100 and mobile-cellular 127 per 100 persons; coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly (2019) international: country code - 62; landing points for the SEA-ME-WE-3 & 5, DAMAI, JASUKA, BDM, Dumai-Melaka Cable System, IGG, JIBA, Link 1, 3, 4, & 5, PGASCOM, B3J2, Tanjung Pandam-Sungai Kakap Cable System, JAKABARE, JAYABAYA, INDIGO-West, Matrix Cable System, ASC, SJJK, Jaka2LaDeMa, S-U-B Cable System, JBCS, MKCS, BALOK, Palapa Ring East, West and Middle, SMPCS Packet-1 and 2, LTCS, TSCS, SEA-US and Kamal Domestic Submarine Cable System, 35 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, Australia, Southeast Asia, Africa and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2019) note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments | general assessment: telecom services stymied by rugged terrain, high cost of infrastructure, and poverty of citizens; services are minimal with little change in fixed-line tele-density in two decades; progress in mobile platforms with almost 90% coverage on 3G and LTE; GSM available in remote areas; Internet slow and expensive, available to pockets of the population; facilities provide radiotelephone, telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio, and international radio communication services; launch of satellite and landing of submarine cable will improve most services in the region; government supports training to boost digital transformation; Australia attempted to block Chinese investment in cooperative network; importer of broadcasting equipment from China (2021) (2020)domestic: access to telephone services is not widely available; fixed-line 2 per 100 and mobile-cellular 48 per 100 person, teledensity has increased (2019) international: country code - 675; landing points for the Kumul Domestic Submarine Cable System, PNG-LNG, APNG-2, CSCS and the PPC-1 submarine cables to Australia, Guam, PNG and Solomon Islands; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2019) note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments |
| Broadband - fixed subscriptions | total: 10,284,364 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3.8 (2019 est.) | total: 17,000 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: less than 1 (2017 est.) |
| Broadcast media | mixture of about a dozen national TV networks - 1 public broadcaster, the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters; more than 100 local TV stations; widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems; public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; overall, more than 700 radio stations with more than 650 privately operated (2019) | 4 TV stations: 1 commercial station operating since 1987, 1 state-run station launched in 2008, 1 digital free-to-view network launched in 2014, and 1 satellite network Click TV (PNGTV) launched in 2015; the state-run National Broadcasting Corporation operates 3 radio networks with multiple repeaters and about 20 provincial stations; several commercial radio stations with multiple transmission points as well as several community stations; transmissions of several international broadcasters are accessible (2018) |
Transportation
| Indonesia | Papua New Guinea | |
|---|---|---|
| Roadways | total: 496,607 km (2011) paved: 283,102 km (2011) unpaved: 213,505 km (2011) | total: 9,349 km (2011) paved: 3,000 km (2011) unpaved: 6,349 km (2011) |
| Waterways | 21,579 km (2011) | 11,000 km (2011) |
| Pipelines | 1064 km condensate, 150 km condensate/gas, 11702 km gas, 119 km liquid petroleum gas, 7767 km oil, 77 km oil/gas/water, 728 km refined products, 53 km unknown, 44 km water (2013) | 264 km oil (2013) |
| Ports and terminals | major seaport(s): Banjarmasin, Belawan, Kotabaru, Krueg Geukueh, Palembang, Panjang, Sungai Pakning, Tanjung Perak, Tanjung Priok container port(s) (TEUs): Tanjung Perak (3,900,000), Tanjung Priok (7,600,000) (2019) LNG terminal(s) (export): Bontang, Tangguh LNG terminal(s) (import): Arun, Lampung, West Java | major seaport(s): Kimbe, Lae, Madang, Rabaul, Wewak LNG terminal(s) (export): Port Moresby |
| Merchant marine | total: 10,137 by type: bulk carrier 129, container ship 226, general cargo 2,213, oil tanker 643, other 6,926 (2020) | total: 175 by type: container ship 6, general cargo 80, oil tanker 3, other 86 (2020) |
| Airports | total: 673 (2013) | total: 561 (2013) |
| Airports - with paved runways | total: 186 (2017) over 3,047 m: 5 (2017) 2,438 to 3,047 m: 21 (2017) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 51 (2017) 914 to 1,523 m: 72 (2017) under 914 m: 37 (2017) | total: 21 (2017) over 3,047 m: 1 (2017) 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2017) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12 (2017) 914 to 1,523 m: 5 (2017) under 914 m: 1 (2017) |
| Airports - with unpaved runways | total: 487 (2013) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 (2013) 914 to 1,523 m: 23 (2013) under 914 m: 460 (2013) | total: 540 (2013) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 11 (2013) 914 to 1,523 m: 53 (2013) under 914 m: 476 (2013) |
| Heliports | 76 (2013) | 2 (2013) |
| National air transport system | number of registered air carriers: 25 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 611 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 115,154,100 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 1,131,910,000 mt-km (2018) | number of registered air carriers: 6 (2020) inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers: 48 annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers: 964,713 (2018) annual freight traffic on registered air carriers: 30.93 million mt-km (2018) |
| Civil aircraft registration country code prefix | PK | P2 |
Military
| Indonesia | Papua New Guinea | |
|---|---|---|
| Military branches | Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): Army (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD)), Navy (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL), includes Marine Corps (Korps Marinir, KorMar), naval air arm), Air Force (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU)), National Air Defense Command (Komando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas)), Armed Forces Special Operations Command (Koopssus), Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad) Indonesian Sea and Coast Guard (Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai, KPLP) is under the Ministry of Transportation (2021) note(s): the Indonesian National Police includes a paramilitary Mobile Brigade Corps (BRIMOB); following the Bali terror bombing in 2002, the National Police formed a special counter-terrorism force called Detachment 88 (Densus or Detasemen Khusus 88 Antiteror) | Papua New Guinea Defense Force (PNGDF; includes land, maritime, and air elements) (2021) |
| Military service age and obligation | 18-45 years of age for voluntary military service, with selective conscription authorized; 2-year service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers); Indonesian citizens only (2019) | 16 years of age for voluntary military service (with parental consent); no conscription; graduation from grade 12 required (2013) |
| Military expenditures - percent of GDP | 0.7% of GDP (2020 est.) 0.7% of GDP (2019) 0.7% of GDP (2018) 0.9% of GDP (2017) 0.8% of GDP (2016) | 0.4% of GDP (2019) 0.4% of GDP (2018) 0.3% of GDP (2017) 0.4% of GDP (2016) 0.5% of GDP (2015) |
| Military and security service personnel strengths | the Indonesian National Armed Forces have approximately, 400,000 active duty troops (300,000 Army; 65,000 Navy, including about 20,000 marines; 30,000 Air Force) (2021) | the Papau New Guinea Defense Force has approximately 3,000 active duty troops, including a land element of about 2,500 (2020) |
| Military equipment inventories and acquisitions | the Indonesian military inventory is comprised of equipment from a wide variety of sources; since 2010, the top suppliers are China, Germany, the Netherlands, Russia, South Korea, the UK, and the US; Indonesia has a growing defense industry fueled by technology transfers and cooperation agreements with several countries; in 2019, the Indonesian Government publicly said that growing its domestic defense industry is a national priority over the next 5-10 years (2020) | the PNGDF has a limited inventory consisting of a diverse mix of foreign-supplied weapons and equipment; Papau New Guinea receives most of its military assistance from Australia; since 2010, it has also received equipment from China and New Zealand (2020) |
Transnational Issues
| Indonesia | Papua New Guinea | |
|---|---|---|
| Disputes - international | Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; three stretches of land borders with Timor-Leste have yet to be delimited, two of which are in the Oecussi exclave area, and no maritime or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) boundaries have been established between the countries; all borders between Indonesia and Australia have been agreed upon bilaterally, but a 1997 treaty that would settle the last of their maritime and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratified by Indonesia's legislature; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches; land and maritime negotiations with Malaysia are ongoing, and disputed areas include the controversial Tanjung Datu and Camar Wulan border area in Borneo and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalizing their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; EEZ negotiations with Vietnam are ongoing, and the two countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work together to reduce illegal fishing along their maritime boundary | relies on assistance from Australia to keep out illegal cross-border activities from primarily Indonesia, including goods smuggling, illegal narcotics trafficking, and squatters and secessionists |
| Illicit drugs | illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; producer of methamphetamine and ecstasy; President WIDODO's war on drugs has led to an increase in death sentences and executions, particularly of foreign drug traffickers | major consumer of cannabis |
| Refugees and internally displaced persons | refugees (country of origin): 5,866 (Afghanistan) (2019) IDPs: 40,000 (inter-communal, inter-faith, and separatist violence between 1998 and 2004 in Aceh and Papua; religious attacks and land conflicts in 2007 and 2013; most IDPs in Aceh, Maluku, East Nusa Tengarra) (2020) stateless persons: 874 (2020) | refugees (country of origin): 9,368 (Indonesia) (2019) IDPs: 14,000 (natural disasters, tribal conflict, inter-communal violence, development projects) (2020) stateless persons: 9 (2020) |
Environment
| Indonesia | Papua New Guinea | |
|---|---|---|
| Air pollutants | particulate matter emissions: 15.58 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 563.32 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 244.5 megatons (2020 est.) | particulate matter emissions: 10.91 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.) carbon dioxide emissions: 7.54 megatons (2016 est.) methane emissions: 11.05 megatons (2020 est.) |
| Total water withdrawal | municipal: 23.8 billion cubic meters (2017 est.) industrial: 9.135 billion cubic meters (2017 est.) agricultural: 189.7 billion cubic meters (2017 est.) | municipal: 223.5 million cubic meters (2017 est.) industrial: 167.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.) agricultural: 1 million cubic meters (2017 est.) |
| Revenue from forest resources | forest revenues: 0.39% of GDP (2018 est.) | forest revenues: 2.08% of GDP (2018 est.) |
| Revenue from coal | coal revenues: 1.06% of GDP (2018 est.) | coal revenues: 0% of GDP (2018 est.) |
| Waste and recycling | municipal solid waste generated annually: 65.2 million tons (2016 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 4.564 million tons (2016 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 7% (2016 est.) | municipal solid waste generated annually: 1 million tons (2014 est.) municipal solid waste recycled annually: 20,000 tons (2016 est.) percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 2% (2016 est.) |
Source: CIA Factbook
